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61.
ABSTRACT To investigate host specialization in Macrophomina phaseolina, the fungus was isolated from soybean, corn, sorghum, and cotton root tissue and soil from fields cropped continuously to these species for 15 years in St. Joseph, LA. Chlorate phenotype of each isolate was determined after growing on a minimal medium containing 120 mM potassium chlorate. Consistent differences in chlorate sensitivity were detected among isolates from different hosts and from soil versus root. To further explore genetic differentiation among fungal isolates from each host, these isolates were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. No variations were observed among isolates in restriction patterns of DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction covering the internal transcribed spacer region, 5.8S rRNA and part of 25S rRNA, suggesting that M. phaseolina constitutes a single species. Ten random primers were used to amplify the total DNA of 45 isolates, and banding patterns resulting from RAPD analysis were compared with the neighbor-joining method. Isolates from a given host were genetically similar to each other but distinctly different from those from other hosts. Chlorate-sensitive isolates were distinct from chlorate-resistant isolates within a given host. In greenhouse tests, soybean, sorghum, corn, and cotton were grown separately in soil infested with individual isolates of M. phaseolina that were chosen based on their host of origin and chlorate phenotype. Root colonization and plant weight were measured after harvesting. More colonization of corn roots occurred when corn was grown in soil containing corn isolates compared with isolates from other hosts. However, there was no host specialization in isolates from soybean, sorghum, or cotton. More root colonization in soybean occurred with chlorate-sensitive than with chlorate-resistant isolates. 相似文献
62.
Laboratory studies on the formation of bound residues and on the degradation of the triazole fungicide propiconazole were conducted in two different soils. Soils treated with 14C-propiconazole were incubated at 22 degrees C and extracted exhaustively with a solvent at each sampling date until no further propiconazole was extracted. The solvent-extractable residues were used to measure propiconazole remaining in the soil, and the extracted soils were used to investigate bound residues of propiconazole. Mineralization of propiconazole was investigated by measuring [14C]carbon dioxide evolved from the soil samples. Formation of bound residues of propiconazole was higher in silty clay loam soil than in sandy loam soil, giving approximately 38 and 23% of the applied 14C, respectively. In contrast, the rates of degradation and mineralization of propiconazole were lower in silty clay loam soil than in sandy loam soil. Decreased extractability of the 14C residues with incubation time was observed with increased formation of bound residues. When the propiconazole remaining in the solvent-extractable residues was quantitatively measured by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, the half-life value in sandy loam soil was about 315 days, while the half-life in silty clay loam soil exceeded the duration of the 1 year experimental period. Increased formation of bound residues was observed as propiconazole degraded with incubation time, suggesting that degradation products are involved in the formation of bound residues. Our study suggests that the formation of bound residues of propiconazole contributes to the persistence of this fungicide in soil. 相似文献
63.
64.
Cochliobolus miyabeanus forms a specialized infection structure, an appressorium, to infect rice. Contacting a hard surface induces appressorium
formation in C. miyabeanus, while the hydrophobicity of the substratum does not affect this morphogenic infection event. To determine whether the calcium/calmodulin-dependent
signaling system is involved in prepenetration morphogenesis in C. miyabeanus, the effects of a calcium chelator (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid; EGTA), phospholipase C inhibitor (neomycin), intracellular
calcium channel blocker (TMB-8), calmodulin antagonists (chlorpromazine, phenoxybenzamine, and W-7), and calcineurin inhibitor
(cyclosporin A) on morphogenesis and infection were examined. Addition of Ca2+ and the calcium ionophore A23187 did not affect conidial germination, while the number of appressoria decreased with higher
concentrations. EGTA inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation. The calcium channel blocker did not affect
appressorium formation at any concentration; however, calmodulin antagonists and the calcineurin inhibitor specifically reduced
appressorium formation at the micromolar level. One of the calmodulin antagonists, W-7, also inhibited accumulation of mRNA
of the calmodulin gene within germinating conidia and/or appressorium-forming germ tubes. Thus, biochemical processes controlled
by the calcium/calmodulin signaling system seem to be involved in the induction of prepenetration morphogenesis on rice. 相似文献
65.
本文是根据安徽省舒城县龙河口地区水竹择伐人工异龄林内15个土壤剖面39个土样分析资料和1985—1987年160块次标准地的竹笋观测数据,进行数量化分析和回归计算,拟合出40个回归方程,研究水竹林土壤条件和倒笋间关系。研究表明:1)水竹林倒笋严重程度的顺序按土壤质地为:粘壤土>砂土>砂质粘土>砂壤土>壤土,按土壤厚度为:厚土层(≥50厘米)或薄土层(≤30厘米)高于中土层(30—50厘米);②土壤含水率高,倒笋严重,毛管孔隙度为35—40%,总孔隙度为50%,倒笋少;③土壤含氮量为1.90—1.95ton/mu,含磷量为0.50—0.75 ton/mu,倒笋少,阳离子代换量与倒笋呈负相关,与钾含量相关不显著;④倒笋与氮、磷、钾三元素含量之和呈正相关;⑤氮、磷、钾、含水量、阳离子代换量、孔隙度六元素与倒笋率关系分别年度拟合出回归方程。 相似文献
66.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
67.
The effective number of clones (N
c) wasestimated for 255 conifer clonal seed orchards in Finland, Korea, andSweden, based on the variation in the number of ramets among clones. Themean census number of clones (N) varied from 70, in 13 KoreanPinus koraiensis seed orchards, to 139 in 176 Finnish Pinussylvestris seed orchards. The mean effective number of clones(N
c) was 66, with a range from 10 to 421. One fifthof the orchards had N
c between 10 and 40, and twothirds between 41 and 160. On average, the relative effective number ofclones (N
r =N
c/N) was 0.74, with a range from 0.2to almost 1.0. Thus, the census number of clones in a seed orchard isgenerally rather informative, but the effective number of clones is moreinformative. Many of these first-generation seed orchards wereestablished with an intention to have near-equal numbers of ramets foreach clone. The use of effective number of clones may be more importantin future seed orchards and genetically thinned seed orchards. 相似文献
68.
Woo Jin Jeon Hee-Jin Dong Jae Hoon Shin Il Yong Kim Hungwui Ho Seung Hyun Oh Young Min Yoon Yang-Kyu Choi Jun Gyo Suh Ki-Hoan Nam Hyoung-Chin Kim Seongbeom Cho Je Kyung Seong 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2015,16(4):475-481
A novel Helicobacter species was identified from the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Biochemical testing, ultrastructure characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that this bacterium represents a distinct taxon. The bacterium was positive for urease activity, susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid, and weakly positive for oxidase and catalase activity. Electron microscopy revealed that the bacterium has spirally curved rod morphology with singular bipolar nonsheathed flagella. Genotypically, the isolated bacterial strains (YMRC 000215, YMRC 000216, and YMRC 000419) were most closely related to a reference strain of Helicobacter mesocricetorum (97.25%, 97.32%, and 97.03% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively). The 16S rRNA sequences of these strains were deposited into GenBank under accession numbers , AF284754, and AY009129, respectively. We propose the name Helicobacter apodemus for this novel species. AY009130相似文献
69.
Kim UH Suh GH Hur TY Kang SJ Kang HG Park SB Kim HS Kim IH 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2007,53(3):591-596
We studied the effects of administering estradiol benzoate (EB) plus progesterone (P4) as part of a CIDR-based protocol during the growth or static phases of dominant follicle development on follicular wave emergence, follicular growth, synchrony of ovulation and pregnancy rate following CIDR withdrawal, treatment with PGF(2alpha) and GnRH, and fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI). Forty-one previously synchronized lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The control group (n=14) received a CIDR on the third day after ovulation only (Day 0). The two treatment groups were administered CIDRs comprising 2 mg EB and 50 mg P4 either on the third (T1, n=14) or eighth day (T2, n=13) after ovulation (Day 0). All cows received PGF(2alpha) after CIDR removal on Day 7, GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 16 h after GnRH treatment. The proportion of cows with follicular wave emergence within 8 days of treatment differed (P<0.01) among the control (14.3%), T1 (85.7%), and T2 groups (92.9%). However, the mean intervals between treatment and wave emergence were not significantly different. There were significant differences in the diameters of the dominant follicles on Day 7 (P<0.01) and in preovulatory follicles on Day 9 (P<0.01), with the largest follicles observed in the control group and the smallest follicles observed in the T2 group. In contrast, the numbers of cows showing synchronous ovulation after GnRH treatment (92.9 to 100.0%) and pregnancy following TAI (46.2 to 50.0%) were similar between the treatment groups. The results showed that, irrespective of the phase (growth or static) of the dominant follicle, administration of 2 mg EB plus 50 mg P4 to CIDR-treated lactating dairy cows induced consistent follicular wave emergence and development, synchronous ovulation after GnRH administration, and similar pregnancy rates following TAI. 相似文献
70.
A total of 10 species of psyllids from 8 different countries were intercepted by plant health inspectors in South Korea on consignments of fresh cut flowers (and branches for use in flower arrangements) at the ports of entry in South Korea from 2014 to 2018. Of the 10 species that were intercepted, some species are potential pests that could enter and establish in Korea through the import of these flowers and branches. Current information on intercepted psyllids is required to alert plant health inspectors to look carefully at cut flowers to prevent the introduction of non-indigenous species. 相似文献