Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes     

de Onis M  Onyango AW  Borghi E  Garza C  Yang H;WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(7):942-947

OBJECTIVES: To compare growth patterns and estimates of malnutrition based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards ('the WHO standards') and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO international growth reference ('the NCHS reference'), and discuss implications for child health programmes. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of longitudinal data to compare growth patterns (birth to 12 months) and data from two cross-sectional surveys to compare estimates of malnutrition among under-fives. SETTINGS: Bangladesh, Dominican Republic and a pooled sample of infants from North America and Northern Europe. SUBJECTS: Respectively 4787, 10 381 and 226 infants and children. RESULTS: Healthy breast-fed infants tracked along the WHO standard's weight-for-age mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the NCHS reference from 2 months onwards. Underweight rates increased during the first six months and thereafter decreased when based on the WHO standards. For all age groups stunting rates were higher according to the WHO standards. Wasting and severe wasting were substantially higher during the first half of infancy. Thereafter, the prevalence of severe wasting continued to be 1.5 to 2.5 times that of the NCHS reference. The increase in overweight rates based on the WHO standards varied by age group, with an overall relative increase of 34%. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO standards provide a better tool to monitor the rapid and changing rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption will have important implications for child health with respect to the assessment of lactation performance and the adequacy of infant feeding. Population estimates of malnutrition will vary by age, growth indicator and the nutritional status of index populations.  相似文献   

A case definition for acute salmonellosis in dairy herds in New Zealand     

Stevenson MA;Salmonellosis Liaison Group 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2012,60(4):263

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白榆种源的地理变异和基因型稳定性   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

白榆种源研究协作组 《林业科学研究》1989,2(4):334-343

本文报道了在14个试验点所作46个种源的地理变异和生态稳定性研究结果。发现我国白榆种源间存在着极大的异质性。生长力随纬度方向呈渐变模式,分布区南部黄淮流域的种源生长快,分布区北部各种源生长慢。试验点生境的优劣,对白榆生长影响很大,并存在有一定的种源×地点的交互作用。因此,根据多点的综合分析,提出了各种源的生产力和生态稳定性参数,为各造林地区选用适宜种源提供了依据。  相似文献   

Insurance planning can be key in practice protection. Appropriate coverage can protect a veterinarian's future     

AVMA Group Health  Life Insurance Trust 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(6):823, 825

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南京市乡级农业科技推广机构的稳定和发展研究     

南京市农技推广机构研究课题组 《金陵科技学院学报》1997,(1)

南京市乡级农技推广机构有农业、林业、畜牧兽医、水产、蔬菜、水利、农机、农经等8个系统。乡级农技推广机构在科技兴农中发挥了引进、繁育、推广优良品种,推广先进种植、养殖技术,做好领导的参谋助手,兴办经济实体等重要作用,使科技进步在农业发展中的贡献份额由“八五”初期的35％提高到现在的40．5％。目前乡站急待解决的问题是：经费不足,体制不顺,管理不善,人员素质偏低,工作实效不高和方向不明等问题。建议：按文定编,落实编制;增加投入,解决经费;抓好机构管理和队伍建设;进一步端正办站方向。  相似文献   

中国岩溶地区农业持续发展战略问题与对策研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

Research Group of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Karst Regions of China  Chinese Academy of Engineering 《草业学报》1999,(Z1)

我国岩溶地区存在许多发展经济的困难 ,如水土流失严重 ,石漠化加剧 ;人口过度增长 ,贫困面大 ;农耕土地质量差 ,农业生产水平低 ;半年干旱 ,地表水缺乏 ;地方交通不便 ,商品经济发展滞后 ;教育文化落后 ,科技普及困难等。同时也存在巨大潜力 ,如水热资源、生物资源、能源、矿产资源丰富 ,旅游资源独具特色 ,以及地缘优势。在制订农业发展战略目标时 ,应坚持以下原则 :可持续发展的大农业原则 ;以生态经济区域为依据、分类指导的原则 ;占有市场一定份额的大产业原则 ;国内和国际大交换原则 ;提高全民素质的大科技原则。为中国岩溶地区农业持续发展提出 5项重大建议 :加大对岩溶地区扶贫攻坚的支持力度 ,分类指导 ,着力解决特困地区、特困乡村和特困农户的脱贫问题 ;建立以林为主的生态恢复与重建示范工程 ;建立以草地畜牧业为主的资源开发利用产业化示范工程 ;适当加大政策倾斜力度 ,支持岩溶山区支柱产业发展和基础设施建设 ;将“岩溶地区农业持续发展的战略问题与对策研究”列入国家重点攻关研究项目和国家级农业发展综合示范工程项目 ,组织协同攻关  相似文献   

江西棉铃虫综合治理措施   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

江西省棉铃虫猖獗成因及治理措施的研究课题组 《江西植保》1999,(1):1-3

近几年来江西棉铃虫几乎年年大发生。本文提出适合江西棉区推广应用的棉铃虫综合治理措施,包括种植抗虫棉、农业防治、化学防治等。冬耕、中耕和灌水灭蛹,整枝灭卵,杨柳枝把或高压汞灯诱蛾都是有效的综防措施。防治策略、防治指标和施药技术是化学防治的关键。  相似文献   

The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study     

Hawkins SS  Griffiths LJ  Dezateux C  Law C;Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(9):891-896

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002. SUBJECTS: A total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies. RESULTS: Mothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17-1.44) and 1.74 (1.46-2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education. CONCLUSIONS: Current policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements.  相似文献   

白斑狗鱼耗氧率和窒息点研究     

乔德亮李思发  凌去非殷建国蔡晓琴  李岩平何智杰 《上海海洋大学学报》2005,14(2):202-206

白斑狗鱼(Esoxlucius)属鲑形目(Salmoniformes)、狗鱼科(Esocidae)、狗鱼属(Esox),北半球北部亚冷水性大型凶猛淡水鱼类,我国仅产于新疆北部额尔齐斯河流域,如额尔齐斯河、布尔津河、哈巴河等及附属水体。鱼类大多数代谢活动都和氧的利用有关,耗氧率直接或间接地反映新陈代  相似文献   

我国水土保持生态补偿机制研究(续)   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

中国水土保持生态补偿机制研究课题组 《中国水土保持》2009,(9):1-4

4生产建设类水土保持生态补偿机制 4．1水土流失特点 本研究中所指生产建设活动,是人类为了进行正常的生产与生活而开展的扰动地表和地下物质、可能造成水土流失的一切活动。生产建设活动的一个显著特点是要扰动地表或地下岩土层、排放废弃固体物、构筑各种人工地貌,造成水土资源的破坏和损失,加剧土壤侵蚀。根据生产建设活动的性质,可以将其划分为资源开发类和非资源开发类两大类。生产建设活动水土流失具有以下特点：①与人类扰动地表程度密切相关。  相似文献