Restoring tropical forest composition is more difficult,but recovering tree-cover is faster,when neighbouring forests are young     

Toledo  R. M.  Perring  M. P.  Verheyen  K.  Martini  A. M. Z.  Ferreira  M. P.  Santos  R. F. 《Landscape Ecology》2020,35(6):1403-1416

Landscape Ecology - Neighbouring forests constitute biological sources that enable the succession from species-poor systems, such as tree-plantings, to highly diverse forests. However, old forest...  相似文献   

Effect of transfer time,temperature, and size on burrowing capacity of juvenile clams,Mulinia edulis,from hatchery     

Alejandro Abarca  Doris Oliva  Pedro Toledo 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(4):774-788

Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.  相似文献   

Deep weathering and landscape evolution in a tropical plateau     

May Christine Modenesi-Gauttieri  Maria Cristina Motta de Toledo  Silvio Takashi Hiruma  Fabio Taioli  Helio Shimada   《CATENA》2011,85(3):221-230

The thick weathering profiles of humid tropical areas are an important, yet generally neglected, source of information on landscape evolution. Six complete profiles of the weathering mantle were sampled by drilling on the three stepped levels of the Campos do Jordão Plateau, on the NW flank of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil. Mineralogical and micromorphological analyses of drill core samples, complemented by geochemical interpretations and by previous data on the upper saprolite, indicate continuity of a general lateritic trend during the entire process of mantle formation. Lateritization phases of different intensity were defined and considered to reflect adjustment to changes in environmental conditions created by the gradual uplift of the plateau to its present position. Older and more superficial materials related to intense lateritic weathering are characterized by allitization with direct formation of gibbsite from silicates, probably related to tropical climates existing immediately before the formation of the continental rift, during the Paleogene, and also before any significant increase in altitude. Monosialitization phase with general kaolinitization and restricted indirect formation of gibbsite from silicates could be associated to less aggressive climates that followed the Neogene (Miocene?) accentuation of uplift rates along the continental rift. The changes produced by uplift in the tropical climate eventually favored the development of a podzolization trend in soils above 1800 m.  相似文献   

Furan levels in coffee as influenced by species, roast degree, and brewing procedures     

Arisseto AP  Vicente E  Ueno MS  Tfouni SA  Toledo MC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(7):3118-3124

Brazilian green coffee beans of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora species were roasted to light, medium, and dark roast degrees and analyzed in relation to furan content by using an in-house validated method based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry preceded by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Furan was not detected in green coffees, whereas levels between 911 and 5852 μg/kg were found in the roasted samples. Higher concentrations were found in Coffea canephora species and darker ground coffees. Some of the potential furan precursors were observed in significant amounts in green coffee, especially sucrose and linoleic acid, but their concentrations could not be correlated to furan formation. Additionally, coffee brews were prepared from roasted ground coffees by using two different procedures, and furan levels in the beverages varied from <10 to 288 μg/kg. The factor that most influenced the furan content in coffee brew was the brewing procedure.  相似文献   

A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b     

Verez-Bencomo V  Fernández-Santana V  Hardy E  Toledo ME  Rodríguez MC  Heynngnezz L  Rodriguez A  Baly A  Herrera L  Izquierdo M  Villar A  Valdés Y  Cosme K  Deler ML  Montane M  Garcia E  Ramos A  Aguilar A  Medina E  Toraño G  Sosa I  Hernandez I  Martínez R  Muzachio A  Carmenates A  Costa L  Cardoso F  Campa C  Diaz M  Roy R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5683):522-525

Glycoconjugate vaccines provide effective prophylaxis against bacterial infections. To date, however, no commercial vaccine has been available in which the key carbohydrate antigens are produced synthetically. We describe the large-scale synthesis, pharmaceutical development, and clinical evaluation of a conjugate vaccine composed of a synthetic capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The vaccine was evaluated in clinical trials in Cuba and showed long-term protective antibody titers that compared favorably to licensed products prepared with the Hib polysaccharide extracted from bacteria. This demonstrates that access to synthetic complex carbohydrate-based vaccines is feasible and provides a basis for further development of similar approaches for other human pathogens.  相似文献   

Intermediate Filament Proteins Expression and Carbohydrate Moieties in Trophoblast and Decidual Cells of Mature Cat Placenta     

PE Fernández  ME Diessler  A Pachame  HH Ortega  EJ Gimeno  EL Portiansky  CG Barbeito 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(2):263-269

The aim of this study was to characterize cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins and glycoconjugates of syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast and decidual cells of feline endotheliochorial placenta. Samples from 12 normal pregnant female cats, after 45 ± 5 days of gestation, were obtained removing the uterine horns by hysterectomy. Sections were processed for routine observation and for immunohistochemistry using anticytokeratin, antivimentin and antidesmin antibodies. In addition, lectin histochemistry was performed using a panel of several biotinylated lectins to characterize glycosides expression profile. Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast showed immunoreactivity only with acidic and basic cytokeratins. Decidual cells were only positive to vimentin, consistent with their origin from endometrial fibroblasts. Trophoblast expressed a broad population of glycans, highly exposing terminal N‐acetyl glucosamine residues and non‐sialylated galactose and N‐acetyl galactosamine oligomers. Oligosaccharides bound by Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin were the only highly branched N‐linked residues evidenced in cats, and they were restricted to the syncytium. Unlike results reported on humans, mice and rats on lectin affinity of decidual cells, sialid acids and complex N‐linked oligosaccharides were not demonstrated in cats. Glycosylation of proteins determines many of their final properties, thus becoming essential for the embryo‐maternal dialogue during implantation and placentation. Changes in glycosylation pattern have been related to pathological pregnancies in other species. Hence, the knowledge about glycosylation profile of the normal cat placenta may lead to a better understanding of both normal and pathological reproductive events.  相似文献   

Anterior chamber collapse syndrome in a koala     

VL Liddle  C Naranjo  ME Bernays 《Australian veterinary journal》2014,92(5):179-182

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Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi is not vertically transmitted in dogs.     

Hélida M Andrade  Vicente de P C P de Toledo  Marcos José Marques  Jo?o C Fran?a Silva  Wagner L Tafuri  Wilson Mayrink  Odair Genaro 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,103(1-2):71-81

The most frequent and most important mode of human or canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) transmission is through the bite of infected sand flies. This study investigates Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi vertical transmission in offspring of naturally infected dogs. Thus 63 puppies from 18 female dogs with CVL were used. Parasite presence was evaluated through parasitologic and histopathologic examination of lymphatic organs, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on samples from adults (milk, uterus, placenta, spleen, liver and bone marrow) and offspring (spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow). PCR sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a microscope as the gold standard on samples of bone marrow, spleen and liver. Specificity was 100% for all organs and sensitivity was 100% for bone marrow, 71.4% for spleen and 66.6% for liver. Bone marrow smears (n = 63), histopathology and imprint of spleen (n = 25), liver (n = 25) and lymph nodes (n = 25) were performed to evaluate congenital transmission in the 63 offspring. PCR was done on 92 samples collected from 56 of the offspring. No test performed on the offspring was positive. It was not possible to confirm vertical transmission of CVL (95% confidence interval for the observed prevalence), despite positive PCR in the placenta of seropositive adults.  相似文献   

Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yilmaz Y  Toledo RT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(2):255-260

Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed <26% to the antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC on the basis of the corrected concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in grape byproducts. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities of phenolics present in grape seeds or skins in decreasing order were resveratrol > catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.  相似文献   

Use of megagametophyte storage proteins as markers of the genetic diversity in stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Andalucia, Spain     

J.B. Alvarez  M.J. Toledo  B. Abellanas  L.M. Martín 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2004,51(6):621-627

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is a Mediterranean species of interest for the traditional use of his edible kernel. Its area of distribution includes all the Mediterranean area, including the Iberian Peninsula where this tree presents the most extensive natural stands. Since land reforestation has become a high-priority of European policy, there is an increased interest in the characterisation of the germplasm of this species. In this study, the globulins from the megagametophyte were used for analysis of the variability and genetic diversity in 20 populations from Andalucia. Because of the complex profile, these proteins were analysed as blocks, corresponding each to a different range of molecular weight. Polymorphisms were observed in each of the five blocks. The diversity data showed that these populations present a high degree of variation, which suggest that this technic could be useful to analyse of the genetic diversity in this species.  相似文献