Antibody responses in ostriches (Struthio camelus) vaccinated with commercial live and killed Newcastle disease vaccines     

Sakai K  Sakabe G  Tani O  Nakamura M  Takehara K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(6):627-629

Three ostriches (Struthio camelus) were immunized with commercially available live and killed Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines for chickens and the antibody responses to the ND vaccines were evaluated by a virus-neutralization (VN) test. Primary vaccination with the live vaccine, B1, by eye drop was followed with two shots of alum-precipitated killed vaccine via subcutaneous injection in the neck. As a final booster, another live vaccine, Clone 30, was used by eye drop. A VN antibody titer, more than 1:10 was observed for 6 months. This is the first report on the use of a live vaccine by eye drop as a booster in ostriches as well as evaluating responses to ND vaccines using the VN test in this avian species.  相似文献   

High level expression of biologically active canine interferon-alpha subtype 4 using a baculovirus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ruttanapumma R  Anzai M  Takegawa M  Okamura M  Maehara N  Sato K  Yoshioka K  Itoh A  Nakamura M  Takehara K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(12):1347-1349

In this study, a high amount of bioactive recombinant canine interferon-alpha subtype 4 (CaIFN-alpha4) was expressed in a baculovirus system. For easy purification, it was expressed as a CaIFN-alpha4 bearing histidine hexamer at the C-terminal region, designated CaIFN-alpha4His. CaIFN-alpha4His was detected in culture supernatants of insect cells infected with the recombinant virus using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyarcylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. The level of expression was very high, and approximately 1 mg of purified protein, with 5.0 x 10(7) units/mg, was obtained from 300 ml of culture supernatant. The purified product showed antiviral activity against Vesicular stomatitis virus on canine tumor cell line A72 and chicken embryo fibroblast cells.  相似文献   

Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine     

Tohno M  Shimosato T  Moue M  Aso H  Watanabe K  Kawai Y  Yamaguchi T  Saito T  Kitazawa H 《Veterinary research》2006,37(6):791-812

To clarify the crucial role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 in immature gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), we focused on the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 and the immune responses induced by their ligands in the GALT of presuckling newborn swine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at detectable levels in all tested tissues (heart, thymus, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileal Peyer patches (Pps), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)). In particular, in immature intestinal tissues and GALT, TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at higher levels in ileal Pps and MLN than in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We confirmed that the TLR2 and TLR9 proteins were also highly expressed and that their ligands were preferentially recognized by TLR2- or TLR9-expressing cells in the MLN and ileal Pps. Zymosan, CpG2006, and lactic acid bacteria could promote mitogenesis and production of multiple cytokines by the MLN and ileal Pps. In addition, double immunostaining for cytokeratin 18 and either TLR2 or TLR9 revealed that both TLR2 and TLR9 are strongly expressed in the columnar membranous (M) cells. Interestingly, while the apical membrane of the columnar M cells strongly expressed TLR2 protein and preferentially recognized zymosan, both "TLR2 expression on the apical membrane" and "TLR2-mediated zymosan binding" were negligible in neighboring enterocytes. These results indicate that TLR2 and TLR9 allow MLN and ileal Pps to respond to a variety of bacterial components immediately after birth, thereby providing newborns with a host defense system.  相似文献   

New neurons follow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult brain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sawamoto K  Wichterle H  Gonzalez-Perez O  Cholfin JA  Yamada M  Spassky N  Murcia NS  Garcia-Verdugo JM  Marin O  Rubenstein JL  Tessier-Lavigne M  Okano H  Alvarez-Buylla A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5761):629-632

In the adult brain, neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone migrate from the walls of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb. How do these cells orient over such a long distance and through complex territories? Here we show that neuroblast migration parallels cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Beating of ependymal cilia is required for normal CSF flow, concentration gradient formation of CSF guidance molecules, and directional migration of neuroblasts. Results suggest that polarized epithelial cells contribute important vectorial information for guidance of young, migrating neurons.  相似文献   

Cytokinin signaling and its inhibitor AHP6 regulate cell fate during vascular development     

Mähönen AP  Bishopp A  Higuchi M  Nieminen KM  Kinoshita K  Törmäkangas K  Ikeda Y  Oka A  Kakimoto T  Helariutta Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5757):94-98

The cell lineages that form the transporting tissues (xylem and phloem) and the intervening pluripotent procambial tissue originate from stem cells near the root tip. We demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, cytokinin phytohormones negatively regulate protoxylem specification. AHP6, an inhibitory pseudophosphotransfer protein, counteracts cytokinin signaling, allowing protoxylem formation. Conversely, cytokinin signaling negatively regulates the spatial domain of AHP6 expression. Thus, by controlling the identity of cell lineages, the reciprocal interaction of cytokinin signaling and its spatially specific modulator regulates proliferation and differentiation of cell lineages during vascular development, demonstrating a previously unrecognized regulatory circuit underlying meristem organization.  相似文献   

An outbreak of canine distemper virus in tigers (Panthera tigris): possible transmission from wild animals to zoo animals     

Nagao Y  Nishio Y  Shiomoda H  Tamaru S  Shimojima M  Goto M  Une Y  Sato A  Ikebe Y  Maeda K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2012,74(6):699-705

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus that causes one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases known in canids, has an expanding host range, including wild animals. Since December 2009, several dead or dying wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were found in and around one safari-style zoo in Japan, and CDV was isolated from four of these animals. In the subsequent months (January to February 2010), 12 tigers (Panthera tigris) in the zoo developed respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, and CDV RNA was detected in fecal samples of the examined tigers. In March 2010, one of the tigers developed a neurological disorder and died; CDV was isolated from the lung of this animal. Sequence analysis of the complete hemagglutinin (H) gene and the signal peptide region of the fusion (F) gene showed high homology among these isolates (99.8-100%), indicating that CDV might have been transmitted from raccoon dog to tiger. In addition, these isolates belonged to genotype Asia-1 and had lower homology (<90%) to the vaccine strain (Onderstepoort). Seropositivity of lions (Panthera leo) in the zoo and wild bears (Ursus thibetanus) captured around this area supported the theory that a CDV epidemic had occurred in many mammal species in and around the zoo. These results indicate a risk of CDV transmission among many animal species, including large felids and endangered species.  相似文献   

Effects of adding food by‐products mainly including noodle waste to total mixed ration silage on fermentation quality,feed intake,digestibility, nitrogen utilization and ruminal fermentation in wethers     

Kyohei ISHIDA  Srita YANI  Masayuki KITAGAWA  Kazato OISHI  Hiroyuki HIROOKA  Hajime KUMAGAI 《Animal Science Journal》2012,83(11):735-742

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the applicability of two types of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products. Four food by‐products (i.e., potato waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and noodle waste) were obtained and mixed with commercial concentrate (CC) as TMR silage. The two types of TMR silage, T1 and T2, each contained CC, in addition to all by‐products for T1 (TRE1), and soy sauce cake and noodle waste for T2 (TRE2) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The silage was well‐fermented with low pH values and high lactic acid concentration. As the experimental treatments, T1, T2 and CC (CTL) were fed with a basal diet. The result showed that the digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) were higher for T1 than for CC (P < 0.05), while crude protein digestibility was not significantly different among T1, T2 and CC. The retained nitrogen was not affected by inclusion of food by‐products. Ruminal pH in TRE1 and TRE2 immediately decreased compared to that in CTL. The study suggested that the two types of TMR silage, including food by‐products, might be used as a substitute for commercial concentrate.  相似文献   

Improved conception rates in sows inseminated with cryopreserved boar spermatozoa prepared with a more optimal combination of osmolality and glycerol in the freezing extender     

Tetsuji OKAZAKI  Shouhachiro ABE  Masayuki SHIMADA 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(2):121-129

Cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) are added in freezing extenders to prevent intracellular ice crystal formation. However, it has been reported that high dose of CPAs confer toxicity on spermatozoa. Recently, the reduction of intracellular water by a high osmolality solution has also resulted in the suppression of ice crystal formation in spermatozoa, suggesting that the optimal combination of glycerol concentration and freezing extender osmolality could contribute to the development of effective sperm cryopreservation techniques. In this study, we investigated the motility, membrane and acrosomal integrity of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa treated with freezing extender (NSF) of varying osmolalities (300, 400, 500 mOsm/kg) and final concentrations of glycerol (0.5, 1, 2, 3%). The spermatozoa that were treated at 400 mOsm/kg and 2% glycerol showed significantly higher rates of motility and membrane integrity compared with those in other treatment groups. In addition, the conception and implantation rates of swine artificially inseminated with spermatozoa frozen by the novel freezing extender (conception; 79%, implantation; 57.5%) were significantly higher than those of frozen-thawed spermatozoa treated in the conventional NSF (300 mOsm/kg, 3% glycerol) (conception; 29%, implantation; 33.8%). From these results, we concluded that the novel hyperosmotic (400 mOsm/kg) and low-glycerol (final concentration 2%) freezing extender is beneficial for the cryopreservation of boar spermatozoa.  相似文献   

Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking treatment     

Gyo-Moon CHU  Hideyuki OHMORI  Tomoyuki KAWASHIMA  Masayuki FUNABA  Tohru MATSUI 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(4):433-437

Microbes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by-products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus . The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white-wine yeast and red-wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, rice brewer's grain and the activity was not detected in dried corn-barley distiller's grain with soluble and sweet-potato distiller's residue. The stability of phytase against pepsin was much lower in the brewer's yeast than in an Aspergillus phytase preparation. On the other hand, the addition of raw brewer's yeast effectively degraded phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking. These results suggest that phytase in the examined by-products is not suitable for the phytase source of conventional diets, but that the soaking treatment with a raw brewer's yeast is an alternative method for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.  相似文献   

Tree species effects on soil enzyme activities through effects on soil physicochemical and microbial properties in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo     

Masayuki Ushio  Kanehiro Kitayama  Teri C. Balser 《Pedobiologia》2010,53(4):227-233

Tree species influence on the soil mineralization process can regulate overall nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem, which may occur through their effects on substrate quality, soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community. We investigated tree species effects on soil enzyme activities in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Specifically, we analyzed C- and P-degrading enzyme activities, as well as the relationships among the enzyme activities, soil physicochemical properties, substrate quality (C, N, and P concentrations), and microbial composition in the top 5 cm soils beneath conifers (Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Dacrydium gracilis) and broadleaves (Lithocarpus clementianus, Palaquium rioence, and Tristaniopsis clementis). Activities of acid phosphatase and β-d-glucosidase were significantly different among the tree species. Soil moisture, total C and N content and microbial lipid abundance (a proxy for microbial composition) could influence the enzyme activities although the relative contributions of microbial composition to the enzyme activities might be smaller. A higher acid phosphatase activity beneath Dacrydium than those beneath the other tree species can compensate for a lower concentration of P in available fractions beneath Dacrydium. This localized mineralization activity could subsequently influence soil nutrient availability in this forest.  相似文献