Clustering forest harvest stands on spatial networks for optimised harvest scheduling     

Thomas Smaltschinski  Ute Seeling  Gero Becker 《Annals of Forest Science》2012,69(5):651-657

Context

Clustering forest harvest stands reduces the movements of the harvesters, forwarders and staff. Moreover, it simplifies the subsequent log transport, when compared with dispersed stands.

Aims

Harvesting activities are generally based on silvicultural motivated planning data. The development of an analytical method to cluster harvest stands with respect to the spatial network of roads should improve the harvesting effort.

Material and method

The clustering of harvest stands was developed for Aracruz (Brazil) in 2004, where it is used there successfully since. The hierarchical method ??single linkage cluster analysis?? is applied. As a distance function, the Euclidian distance was substituted by the shortest path on the spatial network.

Result

The clustering method is based on the minimum spanning tree, which is the spatial equivalent to the dendrogram of an ordinary cluster analysis. Applying the Delaunay triangulation to fill the distance matrix reduces the distance calculation time from O(n ²) to O(n). The method is illustrated by a planning district of the Aracruz enterprise.

Conclusion

Harvesting units are properly clustered spatially by the discussed method. Topographic obstacles are automatically avoided and the need to relocate machinery is reduced as well as the total driving distance.  相似文献   

DNA vaccines encoding the envelope protein of West Nile virus lineages 1 or 2 administered intramuscularly,via electroporation and with recombinant virus protein induce partial protection in large falcons (Falco spp.)     

Dominik Fischer  Joke Angenvoort  Ute Ziegler  Christine Fast  Kristina Maier  Stefan Chabierski  Martin Eiden  Sebastian Ulbert  Martin H. Groschup  Michael Lierz 《Veterinary research》2015,46(1)

As West Nile virus (WNV) can cause lethal diseases in raptors, a vaccination prophylaxis of free-living and captive populations is desirable. In the absence of vaccines approved for birds, equine vaccines have been used in falcons, but full protection against WNV infection was not achieved. Therefore, two DNA vaccines encoding the ectodomain of the envelope protein of WNV lineages 1 and 2, respectively, were evaluated in 28 large falcons. Four different vaccination protocols were used, including electroporation and booster-injections of recombinant WNV domain III protein, before challenge with the live WNV lineage 1 strain NY99. Drug safety, plasmid shedding and antibody production were monitored during the vaccination period. Serological, virological, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular biological investigations were performed during the challenge trials. Antibody response following vaccination was low overall and lasted for a maximum of three weeks. Plasmid shedding was not detected at any time. Viremia, mortality and levels, but not duration, of oral virus shedding were reduced in all of the groups during the challenge trial compared to the non-vaccinated control group. Likewise, clinical scoring, levels of cloacal virus shedding and viral load in organs were significantly reduced in three vaccination groups. Histopathological findings associated with WNV infections (meningo-encephalitis, myocarditis, and arteritis) were present in all groups, but immunohistochemical detection of the viral antigen was reduced. In conclusion, the vaccines can be used safely in falcons to reduce mortality and clinical signs and to lower the risk of virus transmission due to decreased levels of virus shedding and viremia, but full protection was not achieved in all groups.  相似文献   

Nitrogen oxides emission from soils bearing a potato crop as influenced by fertilization with treated pig slurries and composts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Antonio Vallejo  Ute M. Skiba  Augusto Arce  Laura Sánchez-Martín 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2782-2793

Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and denitrification losses from an irrigated soil amended with organic fertilizers with different soluble organic carbon fractions and ammonium contents were studied in a field study covering the growing season of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Untreated pig slurry (IPS) with and without the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), digested thin fraction of pig slurry (DTP), composted solid fraction of pig slurry (CP) and composted municipal solid waste (MSW) mixed with urea were applied at a rate of 175 kg available N ha⁻¹, and emissions were compared with those from urea (U) and a control treatment without any added N fertilizer (Control). The cumulative denitrification losses correlated significantly with the soluble carbohydrates, dissolved N and total C added. Added dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved N affected the N₂O/N₂ ratio, and a lower ratio was observed for organic fertilizers than from urea or unfertilized controls. The proportion of N₂O produced from nitrification was higher from urea than from organic fertilizers. Accumulated N₂O losses during the crop season ranged from 3.69 to 7.31 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ for control and urea, respectively, whereas NO losses ranged from 0.005 to 0.24 kg NO-N ha⁻¹, respectively. Digested thin fraction of pig slurry compared to IPS mitigated the total N₂O emission by 48% and the denitrification rate by 33%, but did not influence NO emissions. Composted pig slurry compared to untreated pig slurry increased the N₂O emission by 40% and NO emission by 55%, but reduced the denitrification losses (34%). DCD partially inhibited nitrification rates and reduced N₂O and NO emissions from pig slurry by at least 83% and 77%, respectively. MSW+U, with a C:N ratio higher than that of the composted pig slurry, produced the largest denitrification losses (33.3 kg N ha⁻¹), although N₂O and NO emissions were lower than for the U and CP treatments.This work has shown that for an irrigated clay loam soil additions of treated organic fertilizers can mitigate the emissions of the atmospheric pollutants NO and N₂O in comparison with urea.  相似文献   

K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension     

Choi M  Scholl UI  Yue P  Björklund P  Zhao B  Nelson-Williams C  Ji W  Cho Y  Patel A  Men CJ  Lolis E  Wisgerhof MV  Geller DS  Mane S  Hellman P  Westin G  Åkerström G  Wang W  Carling T  Lifton RP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6018):768-772

Endocrine tumors such as aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas (APAs), a cause of severe hypertension, feature constitutive hormone production and unrestrained cell proliferation; the mechanisms linking these events are unknown. We identify two recurrent somatic mutations in and near the selectivity filter of the potassium (K(+)) channel KCNJ5 that are present in 8 of 22 human APAs studied. Both produce increased sodium (Na(+)) conductance and cell depolarization, which in adrenal glomerulosa cells produces calcium (Ca(2+)) entry, the signal for aldosterone production and cell proliferation. Similarly, we identify an inherited KCNJ5 mutation that produces increased Na(+) conductance in a Mendelian form of severe aldosteronism and massive bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. These findings explain pathogenesis in a subset of patients with severe hypertension and implicate loss of K(+) channel selectivity in constitutive cell proliferation and hormone production.  相似文献   

The Marine Sponge-Derived Inorganic Polymers,Biosilica and Polyphosphate,as Morphogenetically Active Matrices/Scaffolds for the Differentiation of Human Multipotent Stromal Cells: Potential Application in 3D Printing and Distraction Osteogenesis     

Xiaohong Wang  Heinz C. Schr?der  Vladislav Grebenjuk  B?rbel Diehl-Seifert  Volker Mail?nder  Renate Steffen  Ute Schlo?macher  Werner E. G. Müller 《Marine drugs》2014,12(2):1131-1147

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Actinomycetes from Red Sea Sponges: Sources for Chemical and Phylogenetic Diversity     

Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen  Chen Yang  Hannes Horn  Dina Hajjar  Timothy Ravasi  Ute Hentschel 《Marine drugs》2014,12(5):2771-2789

The diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges collected off Fsar Reef (Saudi Arabia) was investigated in the present study. Forty-seven actinomycetes were cultivated and phylogenetically identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and were assigned to 10 different actinomycete genera. Eight putatively novel species belonging to genera Kocuria, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2% to other 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the NCBI database. PCR-based screening for biosynthetic genes including type I and type II polyketide synthases (PKS-I, PKS-II) as well as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) showed that 20 actinomycete isolates encoded each at least one type of biosynthetic gene. The organic extracts of nine isolates displayed bioactivity against at least one of the test pathogens, which were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, human parasites, as well as in a West Nile Virus protease enzymatic assay. These results emphasize that marine sponges are a prolific resource for novel bioactive actinomycetes with potential for drug discovery.  相似文献   

Bakterien in Radialrissen von Stiel-Eiche     

Olaf Schmidt  Ute Moreth  Heinz Butin  Rolf Kehr 《European Journal of Forest Research》2001,120(1-6):375-389

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A non-invasive observation parameter to complement sediment bioassays using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myriophyllum aquaticum</Emphasis>     

René Schreiber  Anette Küster  Ute Feiler  Matthias Grote  Rolf Altenburger 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(8):1419-1431

Purpose  

The objective of this study was to modify a sediment contact protocol to a multiwell plate exposure system which supplements measurement of the fresh weight change (FWC) using the non-invasive effective quantum yield of energy conversion at photosystem II (PS II) reaction centres (Y(II)) in parallel. Since Y(II) is a functional parameter and FWC represents a whole-plant structural response, the determination of a more pronounced response in one of these parameters may hint at the mode of action of contaminants. By the observation of Y(II) at different time points, extrapolation of effect development over time may be gained from modelling.  相似文献   

Determining leaf stomatal properties in citrus trees utilizing machine vision and artificial intelligence     

Costa  Lucas  Archer  Leigh  Ampatzidis  Yiannis  Casteluci  Larissa  Caurin  Glauco A. P.  Albrecht  Ute 《Precision Agriculture》2021,22(4):1107-1119

Precision Agriculture - Identifying and quantifying the number and size of stomata on leaf surfaces is useful for a wide range of plant ecophysiological studies, specifically those related to...  相似文献   

Intermittent Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonisation at the terminal rectum mucosa of conventionally-reared lambs     

Best A  Clifford D  Crudgington B  Cooley WA  Nunez A  Carter B  Weyer U  Woodward MJ  La Ragione RM 《Veterinary research》2009,40(1):9-Feb;40(1):09

In cattle, the lymphoid rich regions of the rectal-anal mucosa at the terminal rectum are the preferred site for Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonisation. All cattle infected by rectal swab administration demonstrate long-term E. coli O157:H7 colonisation, whereas orally challenged cattle do not demonstrate long-term E. coli O157:H7 colonisation in all animals. Oral, but not rectal challenge of sheep with E. coli O157:H7 has been reported, but an exact site for colonisation in sheep is unknown. To determine if E. coli O157:H7 can effectively colonise the ovine terminal rectum, in vitro organ culture (IVOC) was initiated. Albeit sparsely, large, densely packed E. coli O157:H7 micro-colonies were observed on the mucosa of ovine and control bovine terminal rectum explants. After necropsy of orally inoculated lambs, bacterial enumeration of the proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract did suggest a preference for E. coli O157:H7 colonisation at the ovine terminal rectum, albeit for both lymphoid rich and non-lymphoid sites. As reported for cattle, rectal inoculation studies were then conducted to determine if all lambs would demonstrate persistent colonisation at the terminal rectum. After necropsy of E. coli O157:H7 rectally inoculated lambs, most animals were not colonised at gastrointestinal sites proximal to the rectum, however, large densely packed micro-colonies of E. coli O157:H7 were observed on the ovine terminal rectum mucosa. Nevertheless, at the end point of the study (day 14), only one lamb had E. coli O157:H7 micro-colonies associated with the terminal rectum mucosa. A comparison of E. coli O157:H7 shedding yielded a similar pattern of persistence between rectally and orally inoculated lambs. The inability of E. coli O157:H7 to effectively colonise the terminal rectum mucosa of all rectally inoculated sheep in the long term, suggests that E. coli O157:H7 may colonise this site, but less effectively than reported previously for cattle.  相似文献