Effects of disease control by fungicides on greenhouse gas emissions by UK arable crop production     

David J Hughes  Jonathan S West  Simon D Atkins  Peter Gladders  Michael J Jeger  Bruce DL Fitt 《Pest management science》2011,67(9):1082-1092

BACKGROUND: The UK government has published plans to reduce UK agriculture's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, the goal of global food security requires an increase in arable crop yields. Foliar disease control measures such as fungicides have an important role in meeting both objectives. RESULTS: It is estimated that UK winter barley production is associated with GHG emissions of 2770 kg CO₂ eq. ha^?1 of crop and 355 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 of grain. Foliar disease control by fungicides is associated with decreases in GHG emissions of 42–60 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 in UK winter barley and 29–39 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 in UK spring barley. The sensitivity of these results to the impact of disease control on yield and to variant GHG emissions assumptions is presented. Fungicide treatment of the major UK arable crops is estimated to have directly decreased UK GHG emissions by over 1.5 Mt CO₂ eq. in 2009. CONCLUSION: Crop disease control measures such as fungicide treatment reduce the GHG emissions associated with producing a tonne of grain. As national demand for food increases, greater yields as a result of disease control also decrease the need to convert land from non‐arable to arable use, which further mitigates GHG emissions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

A cost comparison of more and less nutritious food choices in US supermarkets     

Katz DL  Doughty K  Njike V  Treu JA  Reynolds J  Walker J  Smith E  Katz C 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(9):1693-1699

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Equine motor neuron disease; a preliminary report   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J F Cummings  A de Lahunta  C George  L Fuhrer  B A Valentine  B J Cooper  B A Summers  C R Huxtable  H O Mohammed 《The Cornell veterinarian》1990,80(4):357-379

A spontaneous motor neuron disease or neuronopathy was identified in 10 horses from the northeastern United States. Signs of generalized weakness, muscle fasciculations, muscle atrophy and weight loss progressed over 1 to several months in young and old horses of various breeds. Pathologic studies revealed that degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulted in axonal degeneration in the ventral roots and peripheral and cranial nerves and denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle. Many spinal neurons were swollen, chromatolytic and contained neurofilamentous accumulations. Other cell bodies were shrunken and undergoing neuronophagia and some were lost and replaced by glia. This fatal equine motor neuron disease has not been reported previously and its cause has not been determined. The progressive weakness and wasting and the neuronal degenerative changes in these horses were similar to those described in people with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.  相似文献   

Role of dietary carbohydrate and fat in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy.     

B A Valentine  R J Van Saun  K N Thompson  H F Hintz 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(11):1537-1544

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Hypertonic saline/dextran resuscitation of dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus shock.     

D A Allen  E R Schertel  W W Muir  A K Valentine 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(1):92-96

We investigated small-volume (5 ml/kg) 7% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 (HS/D70) as an alternative to large-volume (60 ml/kg) 0.9% NaCl for treatment of experimentally induced canine gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) shock. The stomach was surgically displaced and then distended with an intragastric balloon in 11 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. All dogs were subjected to GDV for 180 minutes before partial decompression and resuscitation. Hemodynamic values, blood gas values, and plasma volume were measured during control, shock, and resuscitation periods. Resuscitation started with 1 group (n = 6) receiving 5 ml of HS/D70/kg, iv, over 5 minutes, and the other group (n = 5) receiving 60 ml of 0.9% NaCl/kg, IV, over 60 minutes. Both groups received a surgical maintenance dosage (20 ml/kg/h) of 0.9% NaCl after initial resuscitation. Resuscitative effects of small-volume HS/D70 were similar to large-volume 0.9% NaCl during the first hour of treatment; however, cardiac output was significantly higher in the HS/D70 group for the last 2 hours of resuscitation. Changes in heart rate, left ventricular pressure change, and systemic vascular resistance appeared to be responsible for improved perfusion. Mixed venous oxygen partial pressure data supported improved perfusion in the HS/D70 group. Packed cell volume remained higher in the HS/D70 group, indicating less hemodilution and improved oxygen delivery. Resuscitation of this GDV-induced shock model was better sustained with small-volume HS/D70, compared with conventional large-volume 0.9% NaCl.  相似文献   

Fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats: 31 cases (2001-2006)     

Valentine BA  Cebra CK  Taylor GH 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,231(7):1098-1103

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate signalment, history, clinical and pathologic findings, and seasonal weather patterns in association with fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 152 goats that were > 1 day of age. PROCEDURES: Characteristics including age and counts of coccidia oocysts and trichostrongyle ova (eggs) per gram of feces (EPG) in goats that died because of gastrointestinal parasitism and goats that died because of other causes were compared. Weather data and annual incidence of caprine fatal gastrointestinal parasitism were investigated. RESULTS: Death was attributed to gastrointestinal parasitism in 31 of 152 (20%) goats (median age, 5 months; range, 1 month to 7 years); deaths were attributed to coccidiosis (n = 7 goats; median age, 4 months; median EPG, 2,225), trichostrongylosis (6 goats; median age, 1.25 years; median EPG, 3,700), or dual infection (18 goats; median age, 6.7 months; median EPG, 8,088 coccidia and 5,475 trichostrongyles). Sudden onset of weakness or death was a common historical finding; diarrhea was evident in 15 goats. Common postmortem findings in these goats included cachexia, tissue pallor, poorly formed feces, and mesenteric lymphadenomegaly. Wet weather in spring and summer was associated with increased annual incidence of fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Gastrointestinal parasitism is an important cause of death in goats. Clinical signs may not develop until just prior to death, and diagnosis is achieved via parasitologic evaluation of feces and necropsy. Seasonal weather patterns should be considered on an annual basis when designing parasite control programs for goats.  相似文献   

An evaluation of anthelmintic properties,assessed using faecal nematode egg counts,of New Zealand native flax (Phormium tenax)     

AJ Litherland  DL Deighton  DM Leathwick 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):339-342

AIM: To investigate the anthelmintic properties of New Zealand native flax (Phormium tenax) for cattle, using a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).

METHODS: Twenty-six heifer calves with high (>300 epg) faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) were paired into two groups and fed either chopped flax leaves ad libitum, or barley straw at an equivalent dry matter (DM) rate, from Day 0–7; all were supplemented with 1.5 kg/head/day cereal feed supplement. On Days 8–10, all heifers were fed a common diet of 3.5 kg DM/ head/day barley straw and 1.5 kg/head/day cereal feed supplement. Heifers were weighed and faecal samples were collected on Days —6, 0, 7, and 10; samples were analysed in triplicate for FEC. The nutritive value of the flax and straw was analysed.

RESULTS: Both the flax and straw had low dry matter digestibility (DMD) and protein content. Although the flax-fed claves grew more than the controls, this may have been related to gut fill. Total daily faecal egg output was similar for flax and straw groups on Day 7 (14.7 vs 15.0 x 10⁶ eggs/day, respectively) and Day 10 (14.9 vs 15.1 x 10⁶ eggs/day, respectively). There was no difference in the change in FEC with time between the calves fed flax or straw diets.

CONCLUSION: Consumption of flax leaves did not reduce FEC in calves with a mixed nematode infection.  相似文献   

A comparison of microscopic ink characteristics of 35 commercially available surgical margin inks     

Milan Milovancev DVM  Diplomate ACVS  Christiane V. Löhr DVM  Diplomate ACVP  Robert J. Bildfell DVM  Diplomate ACVP  Howard B. Gelberg DVM  Diplomate ACVP  Jerry R. Heidel DVM  Diplomate ACVP  PhD  Beth A. Valentine DVM  Diplomate ACVP 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2013,42(8):901-908

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Fine-tuning banana Xanthomonas wilt control options over the past decade in East and Central Africa     

Guy Blomme  Kim Jacobsen  Walter Ocimati  Fen Beed  Jules Ntamwira  Charles Sivirihauma  Fred Ssekiwoko  Valentine Nakato  Jerome Kubiriba  Leena Tripathi  William Tinzaara  Flory Mbolela  Lambert Lutete  Eldad Karamura 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(2):265-281

Xanthomonas wilt, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum has, since 2001, become the most important and widespread disease of Musa in East and Central Africa. Over the past decade, new research findings and especially feedback from small-scale farmers have helped in fine-tuning Xanthomonas wilt control options. During the initial years of the Xanthomonas wilt epidemic in East Africa, the complete uprooting of diseased mats and the burning or burying of plant debris was advocated as part of a control package which included the use of clean garden tools and early removal of male buds to prevent insect vector transmission. Uprooting a complete mat (i.e. the mother plant and a varying number of lateral shoots) is understandably time-consuming and labour intensive and becomes very cumbersome when a large number of diseased mats have to be removed. Recent research findings suggest that Xcm bacteria do not colonize all lateral shoots (i.e. incomplete systemicity occurs) and even when present that this does not necessarily lead to symptom expression and disease. This led to a new control method whereby only the visibly diseased plants within a mat are cut at soil level. The underlying idea is that the continued removal of only the diseased plants in a field will reduce the inoculum level and will bring down disease incidence to an acceptable level. This method is less labour intensive and takes a short time compared to the removal of a complete mat. However, single diseased stem removal needs to go hand in hand with prevention of new infections that can occur through the use of contaminated garden tools or through insect vector transmission. Novel transgenic approaches are also discussed. This paper presents an overview of past and ongoing research towards the development of a more practical and less demanding control strategy for Xanthomonas wilt.  相似文献   

Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in uneven-aged mountain forests: evidences using Pareto fronts     

Valentine Lafond  Thomas Cordonnier  Zhun Mao  Benoît Courbaud 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(5-6):997-1012

Uneven-aged mountain forests are considered favourable for the continuous provisioning of multiple ecosystem services (ES). These ES may however exhibit trade-offs or synergies that can be modulated by forest management. Yet, our knowledge remains poor on both the relationships between ES and the way management practices can optimise and reconcile them. In this study, we aimed at (1) characterising trade-offs and synergies between timber production, biodiversity conservation and protection against natural hazards; (2) identifying efficient (i.e. Pareto-optimal) management scenarios for the joint provisioning of these ES; and (3) comparing them to “reference” management scenarios. Using a simulation framework that couples a forest dynamics model, a silviculture algorithm and linker functions relating ES indicators to stand structure, we predicted the response of different ES indicators to various uneven-aged management practices in the Western Alps. With a metamodeling approach and Pareto front techniques, we intensively explored and analysed relationships between ES indicators and found trade-offs between timber production and other ES, but synergies between protection and biodiversity. “Pareto-optimal” management scenarios were characterised by low thinning and harvesting intensities but exhibited gradients of total removals and deadwood and large tree retention along the Pareto front. They greatly differed from our set of production and biodiversity oriented reference scenarios, thus emphasising the strong impact of considering additional ES in scenario optimisation processes. This study highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of Pareto front techniques for both the analysis of trade-offs and synergies between ES and the identification of efficient management practices.  相似文献