Word learning in a domestic dog: evidence for "fast mapping"     

Kaminski J  Call J  Fischer J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5677):1682-1683

During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure-a process dubbed "fast mapping." Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.  相似文献   

ON THE SWELLING AND "SOLUTION" OF PROTEIN IN POLYBASIC ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS     

Fischer MH  Hooker MO  Benzinger M  Coffman WD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1917,46(1182):189-191

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Genomics and agriculture. Collaborations in rice     

Fischer KS  Barton J  Khush GS  Leung H  Cantrell R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5490):279-280

Advances in rice genomics will contribute to gene discovery and rice productivity, but many of the products with high potential for alleviating poverty and improving human nutrition may not be those that attract private investment. Although most genetic resources and biological expertise for functional genomics are in the public, many proprietary technologies are owned by the private sector. A public resource platform is needed for the application of genomic technology to accelerate gene discovery. We present a model and general principles in collaboration that can serve the poor and encourage innovation by both the public and private sectors.  相似文献   

Third world debt     

Dornbusch R  Fischer S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,234(4778):836-841

The international debt crisis arose from imprudent borrowing, imprudent lending, and major shocks to the world economy from 1980 to 1982. The initial impulse in 1982 was to treat the debt problem as one of illiquidity and thus provide further lending while the debtor countries tried to adjust to the shock. This strategy produced massive recessions in the major debtors (mostly in Latin America) and led in 1985 to the Baker plan, the aim of which is to find ways to permit the debtor countries to resume growth while not defaulting on the debt. The Mexican case is highlighted.  相似文献   

Lateral variations in Compressional/Shear velocities at the base of the mantle     

Wysession ME  Langenhorst A  Fouch MJ  Fischer KM  Al-Eqabi GI  Shore PJ  Clarke TJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,284(5411):120-125

Observations of core-diffracted P (Pdiff) and SH (SHdiff) waves recorded by the Missouri-to-Massachusetts (MOMA) seismic array show that the ratio of compressional (P) seismic velocities to horizontal shear (SH) velocities at the base of the mantle changes abruptly from beneath the mid-Pacific (VP/VS = 1.88, also the value predicted by reference Earth models) to beneath Alaska (VP/VS = 1.83). This change signifies a sudden lateral variation in material properties that may have a mineralogical or textural origin. A textural change could be a result of shear stresses induced during the arrival at the core of ancient lithosphere from the northern Pacific paleotrench.  相似文献   

Starfish infestation: hypothesis     

Fischer JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,165(3894):645

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Untersuchungen über flüchtige Aromastoffe der Kartoffel. I. Isolation und Anreicherung flüchtiger Aromastoffe mit der Dynamischen Headspace Technik     

J. Fischer  K. Müller 《Potato Research》1991,34(2):159-167

Zusammenfassung Aromastoffe sind als wertgebende Inhaltsstoffe wesentlicher Bestandteil der Qualit?t pflanzlicher Lebensmittel. Sie liegen als komplexe Vielstoffgemische in unserer Nahrung vor und sind nur schwer analytisch fa?bar. Den Verfahren zur Abtrennung und Anreicherung von Aromastoffen kommt daher eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Mit der ‘Dynamischen Headspace Technik’ lassen sich die flüchtigen Stoffe des nativen Kartoffelaromas unter schonenden Bedingungen isolieren. Das Aromaspektrum der rohen Kartoffel setzt sich vorwiegend aus unges?ttigten Aldehyden, Alkoholen und einem Furanderivat zusammen. Für die isolierten Verbindungen lassen sich Variationskoeffizienten zwischen 3 und 20% ermitteln. Hinsichtlich des sensorischen Eindruckes zeigen die Aromakonzentrate ein typisches Kartoffelaroma.  相似文献   

Genotype-by-environment interactions for grain yield associated with water availability at flowering in rainfed lowland rice     

M. Ouk  J. Basnayake  M. Tsubo  S. Fukai  K.S. Fischer  S. Kang  S. Men  V. Thun  M. Cooper 《Field Crops Research》2007

While a large genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction component of variance for grain yield (GY) has been widely reported for rainfed lowland rice, the reasons for such large interactions are not well known. A random reference population of 34 genotypes taken from the Cambodian rice improvement program was used to examine the magnitude and nature of G × E interactions for GY in Cambodia. These genotypes were evaluated in a multi-environment trial (MET) conducted across 3 years (2000–2002) and eight locations in the rainfed lowlands. The G × E interaction was partitioned into components attributed to genotype-by-location (G × L), genotype-by-year (G × Y) and genotype-by-location-by-year (G × L × Y) interactions. The G × L × Y interaction was the largest component of variance for GY. The G × L interaction was also significant and comparable in size to the genotypic component (G). The significant G component was partly explained by a group of four genotypes that were broadly adapted to different environmental conditions represented by three environmental groups. The three environmental groups were identified from a pattern analysis, and the grouping was partly related to the time of sowing, and hence water availability at flowering. A major factor contributing to the large G × L × Y interactions for GY was late maturing genotypes being affected greatly when soil water availability at flowering was reduced greatly, compared to earlier maturing genotype groups. While the differential genotypic responses to the water availability environment explained part of a large G × E interaction for GY, other non-water related environmental conditions also appeared to have contributed to the interaction. Three target environments were identified for focusing efforts of the breeding programs in Cambodia, and four putative genotypes were selected for their high yield and wide adaptation in the rainfed lowlands.  相似文献   

Marine polysaccharides: a source of bioactive molecules for cell therapy and tissue engineering     

Senni K  Pereira J  Gueniche F  Delbarre-Ladrat C  Sinquin C  Ratiskol J  Godeau G  Fischer AM  Helley D  Colliec-Jouault S 《Marine drugs》2011,9(9):1664-1681

The therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, especially glycosaminoglycans, is now well documented, and this activity combined with natural biodiversity will allow the development of a new generation of therapeutics. Advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis, structure and function of complex glycans from mammalian origin have shown the crucial role of this class of molecules to modulate disease processes and the importance of a deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships. Marine environment offers a tremendous biodiversity and original polysaccharides have been discovered presenting a great chemical diversity that is largely species specific. The study of the biological properties of the polysaccharides from marine eukaryotes and marine prokaryotes revealed that the polysaccharides from the marine environment could provide a valid alternative to traditional polysaccharides such as glycosaminoglycans. Marine polysaccharides present a real potential for natural product drug discovery and for the delivery of new marine derived products for therapeutic applications.  相似文献   

Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal-rich Technosols     

Alexander Bonhage  Thomas Raab  Anna Schneider  Thomas Fischer  Shaghayegh Ramezany  William Ouimet  Alexandra Raab  Florian Hirsch 《European Journal of Soil Science》2022,73(4):e13293

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