Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate     

Sukumar Chakraborty  Jo Luck  Grant Hollaway  Glenn Fitzgerald  Neil White 《Euphytica》2011,179(1):19-32

This paper offers projections of potential effects of climate change on rusts of wheat and how we should factor in a changing climate when planning for the future management of these diseases. Even though the rusts of wheat have been extensively studied internationally, there is a paucity of information on the likely effects of a changing climate on the rusts and their influence on wheat production. Due to the lack of published empirical research we relied on the few published studies of other plant diseases, our own unpublished work and relevant information from the vast literature on rusts of wheat to prepare this overview. Three broad areas of potential risks from a changing climate were described: increased loss from wheat rusts, new rust pathotypes evolving faster and the reduced effectiveness of rust resistances. Increased biomass of wheat crops grown in the presence of elevated CO₂ concentrations and higher temperatures will increase the leaf area available for attack by the pathogen leading to increased inoculum production. If changed weather conditions were to accelerate the life cycle of a pathogen, the increased inoculum can lead to severe rust epidemics in many environments. Likewise should the effects of climate change result in more conducive conditions for rust development there will also be a corresponding increase in the rate of evolution of new pathotypes which could increase the rate of appearance of new virulences. The effectiveness of some rust resistance genes is influenced by temperature and crop development stage. Climate change may directly or indirectly influence the effectiveness of some resistance genes but this can not be ascertained due to a complete lack of knowledge. Since disease resistance breeding is a long term strategy it is important to determine if any of the important genes may become less effective due to climate change. Studies must be made to acquire new information on the rust disease triangle to increase the adaptive capacity of wheat under climate change. Leadership within the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) is needed to broker research on rust evolution and the durability of resistance under climate change.  相似文献   

SOME ERRONEOUS AGE RECORDS OF PALEOZOIC PLANT GENERA     

White D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1934,79(2039):77-78

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Perceived number and evoked cortical potentials     

M R Harter  C T White 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(773):406-408

Evoked cortical potentials and the numsber of flashes perceived were compared when subjects were presented with short trains of flashes under conditions where each presented flash could not be counted individually, but the train of flashes appeared to be flickering (1 to 14 flashes at 33.3 flashes per second). The rate at which each successive perceived flash was added appeared to correspond with the rate at which the successive components of the evoked response pattern were added. The temporal nature of this pattern was similar for both single flashes and trains of flashes. The results suggest that the onset of stimulation triggers a process whlich has a marked effect on both the cortical and perceptual response to subsequent stimulation.  相似文献   

Science Fairs     

White HA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1963,141(3586):1132-1134

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Objective assessment of hypnotically induced time distortion     

P G Zimbardo  G Marshall  G White  C Maslach 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,181(96):282-284

The objective precision of operant conditioning methodology validates the power of hypnosis to induce alterations in time perception. Personal tempo was systematically modified by instructions to trained hypnotic subjects, with significant behavioral effects observed on a variety of response rate measures.  相似文献   

Spin-liquid ground state of the S = 1/2 kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet     

Yan S  Huse DA  White SR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6034):1173-1176

We use the density matrix renormalization group to perform accurate calculations of the ground state of the nearest-neighbor quantum spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice. We study this model on numerous long cylinders with circumferences up to 12 lattice spacings. Through a combination of very-low-energy and small finite-size effects, our results provide strong evidence that, for the infinite two-dimensional system, the ground state of this model is a fully gapped spin liquid.  相似文献   

CHARLES WILLARD HAYES     

White D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1916,44(1126):124-126

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Karst: karst geomorphology     

White WB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4753):1034-1035

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Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals     

Reilly SM  White TD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5605):400-402

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Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Ixodes dammini ticks   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

D H Persing  S R Telford  P N Rys  D E Dodge  T J White  S E Malawista  A Spielman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,249(4975):1420-1423

In order to investigate the potential for Borrelia burgdorferi infection before the recognition of Lyme disease as a clinical entity, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine museum specimens of Ixodes dammini (deer ticks) for the presence of spirochete-specific DNA sequences. One hundred and thirty-six archival tick specimens were obtained representing various continental U.S. locations; DNA sequences characteristic of modern day isolates of B. burgdorferi were detected in 13 1940s specimens from Montauk Point and Hither Hills, Long Island, New York. Five archival specimens of Dermacentor variabilis (dog tick) from the same collection and 118 Ixodes specimens from other endemic and nonendemic sites were negative. These data suggest that the appearance of the Lyme disease spirochete in suitable arthropod vectors preceded, by at least a generation, the formal recognition of this disease as a clinical entity in the United States.  相似文献