Detection of Chlamydia psittaci from avian field samples using the PCR   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R G Hewinson  S E Rankin  B J Bevan  M Field  M J Woodward 《The Veterinary record》1991,128(6):129-130

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Hematological profiles in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.     

J L Burton  B W McBride  B W Kennedy  J H Burton  T H Elsasser  B Woodward 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(5):1488-1495

Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) was administered at 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg per cow per day to 32 Holsteins for 38 wk. Fifteen currently treated cows had been treated in the previous lactation. Eighteen hematological variables and blood concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were measured at five sample periods. The objectives of the study were to test the effects of bST treatments on hematological profiles and to relate blood IGF-I concentration to these variables. Results indicated little influence (P greater than .10) of previous bST treatments on hematological profiles measured in the current lactation. Current bST treatments, however, altered hematocrits (P = .10), mean corpuscular volume (P = .03), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .009), and fraction of blood lymphocytes (P = .09). A week x bST treatment interaction also contributed to variation in hematocrit (P = .09), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .05), fraction of neutrophils (P = .02), and fraction of lymphocytes (P = .04). Blood IGF-I concentration influenced fractions and counts of neutrophils (P = .06, .09), lymphocytes (P = .04, .02), and monocytes (P = .08, .05). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted because this preliminary evidence suggests that bST and(or) IGF-I contribute to regulation of hematopoiesis in mature dairy cows.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole given to horses by intravenous and oral routes     

R W Sweeney  C R Sweeney  L R Soma  C B Woodward  C A Charlton 《American journal of veterinary research》1986,47(8):1726-1729

Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of metronidazole were determined in 6 healthy adult horses given the drug (25 mg/kg) by IV or oral routes. The disposition of metronidazole in horses given the drug by the IV route conformed to a 2-compartment model with a distribution half-life of 0.16 hours, an elimination half-life of 2.9 hours, and a body clearance of 0.40 +/- 0.05 L/kg/hr. The oral absorption half-life was 0.40 hours, and the bioavailability, 85.0 +/- 18.6%. Peritoneal fluid concentrations were approximately equal to serum concentrations at all times, regardless of the route of administration. On the basis of reported minimal inhibitory concentrations for anaerobic bacteria, a dosage of 15 to 25 mg/kg given orally 4 times daily was recommended.  相似文献   

Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 2. Veterinary pharmacovigilance in practice -- the operation of a spontaneous reporting scheme in a European Union country -- the UK, and schemes in other countries     

Woodward KN 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2005,28(2):149-170

Veterinary pharmacovigilance, as it operates in the European Union (EU), covers a very broad remit, including adverse effects in treated animals, exposed humans and the environment, and in addition, it extends to cover the violation of maximum residue limits. The mainstay of veterinary pharmacovigilance is the spontaneous reporting scheme working along side other systems such as those reporting on residues surveillance. One of the most well established schemes in the EU is that operating in the UK and this paper examines the evolution of that scheme and some of its findings, data from other countries, and information available from the literature. It also tentatively examines the ways that pharmacovigilance can be used for regulatory purposes, and the contribution from pharmacoepidemiology.  相似文献   

Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 4. Adverse reactions in humans to veterinary medicinal products     

Woodward KN 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2005,28(2):185-201

Although seemingly rare, adverse reactions to veterinary products do occur. These may arise from inadvertent exposure during use or as a result of occupational accidents. They are often mild in nature and include adverse effects such as minor skin reactions. However, more serious reactions may occur, and they are not restricted to the effects of the veterinary medicines themselves. For example, high-pressure injection injuries may occur as a result of accidents occurring during animal vaccination operations. This paper reviews some of these events, mentions where appropriate the regulatory actions taken, and describes some of the measures used to minimise such effects in the future, and serves to bring the issues discussed here to the attention of pharmacologists, pharmacoepidemiologists and others who train those who use veterinary medicinal products.  相似文献   

Failure to detect transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from orally dosed nannies to sucking kids at foot     

La Ragione RM  Ahmed NM  Best A  Clifford D  Weyer U  Woodward MJ 《The Veterinary record》2005,157(21):659-661

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The O-antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis PT4: a significant factor in gastrointestinal colonisation of young but not newly hatched chicks     

Carroll P  La Ragione RM  Sayers AR  Woodward MJ 《Veterinary microbiology》2004,102(1-2):73-85

The lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella and other Gram negative pathogenic species has been implicated as a major virulence determinant and in this study we report the role of LPS of S. Enteritidis in the colonisation and persistent gastrointestinal infection of young poultry. The gene encoding the unique O-antigen ligase, waaL, was mutated by insertional inactivation in a well characterised S. Enteritidis strain, S1400/94. The waaL mutant, designated PCP, produced rough colonies on agar medium, did not agglutinate O9 antiserum, did not produce an LPS ladder on silver stained gels and was serum sensitive. PCP and a nalidixic acid marked derivative of S1400/94 (S1400/94 Nalr) were used to orally challenge young chicks, separately and together in competitive index experiments. At post-mortem examination of 1-day-old chicks challenged S1400/94 Nalr and PCP separately there were no significant differences in the numbers of S1400/94 Nalr and PCP bacteria in tissues sampled on days 1, 2, and 5. By day 42 after challenge S1400/94 Nalr bacteria were recovered in significantly higher numbers than PCP from the caecal contents (P < 0.001). In competitive index studies in the 1-day-old chick PCP colonised, invaded and persisted in lower numbers than S1400/94 Nalr. In 4-week-old chicks challenged separately, PCP bacteria were recovered from all tissues examined in significantly lower numbers than S1400/94 Nalr. In competitive index experiments in 4-week-old chicks, PCP was not detected at any site and at any time point. Therefore, the O-antigen of S. Enteritidis plays an important role in poultry infections although this role is less important in the newly hatched chick.  相似文献   

Scale-free intermittent flow in crystal plasticity     

Dimiduk DM  Woodward C  Lesar R  Uchic MD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5777):1188-1190

Under stress, crystals irreversibly deform through complex dislocation processes that intermittently change the microscopic material shape through isolated slip events. These underlying processes can be revealed in the statistics of the discrete changes. Through ultraprecise nanoscale measurements on nickel microcrystals, we directly determined the size of discrete slip events. The sizes ranged over nearly three orders of magnitude and exhibited a shock-and-aftershock, earthquake-like behavior over time. Analysis of the events reveals power-law scaling between the number of events and their magnitude, or scale-free flow. We show that dislocated crystals are a model system for studying scale-free behavior as observed in many macroscopic systems. In analogy to plate tectonics, smooth macroscopic-scale crystalline glide arises from the spatial and time averages of disruptive earthquake-like events at the nanometer scale.  相似文献   

Niche partitioning among Prochlorococcus ecotypes along ocean-scale environmental gradients     

Johnson ZI  Zinser ER  Coe A  McNulty NP  Woodward EM  Chisholm SW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5768):1737-1740

Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant phytoplankter in the oligotrophic oceans, accounting for up to half of the photosynthetic biomass and production in some regions. Here, we describe how the abundance of six known ecotypes, which have small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences that differ by less than 3%, changed along local and basin-wide environmental gradients in the Atlantic Ocean. Temperature was significantly correlated with shifts in ecotype abundance, and laboratory experiments confirmed different temperature optima and tolerance ranges for cultured strains. Light, nutrients, and competitor abundances also appeared to play a role in shaping different distributions.  相似文献   

Extraction of fractured tooth roots     

Woodward TM 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2006,23(2):126-129

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