Hematology, leukocyte cytochemical analysis, plasma biochemistry, and plasma electrophoresis of wild-caught and captive-bred Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum)     

Cooper-Bailey K  Smith SA  Zimmerman K  Lane R  Raskin RE  DeNardo D 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(3):316-323

Background: The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), one of several venomous lizard species in the world, is found within the United States and Mexico and is recognized as an iconic symbol of the American Southwest. Thus, Gila monsters are of growing interest in the captive reptile trade and within zoological and educational institutions. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine results for CBCs, describe cytochemical reactions in WBCs, and obtain plasma biochemical and protein electrophoresis results from wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum. Methods: Ventral tail vein blood samples were obtained from 16 captive (14 wild‐caught and 2 captive‐bred) Gila monsters. CBCs, RBC morphometric analysis, plasma biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis were performed. Leukocytes were stained for peroxidase, Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase, napthyl butyrate esterase, and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, and blood smears were examined for the presence of hemoparasites. Results: The median (range) PCV was 37% (22–50%) and WBC count was 4.6 × 10³/μL (3.3–6.4 × 10³/μL) with approximately 50% heterophils and fewer lymphocytes, basophils, azurophils, and monocytes in decreasing order. Cytochemical reactions were unique among reptiles with strong staining for peroxidase and SBB in monocytes/azurophils. Biochemical results were similar to those of earlier reports with slight increases in uric acid and urea concentrations. Plasma electrophoretic results indicated that albumin was approximately equal to the combined globulin fractions. Conclusions: Results of blood analysis in healthy wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum may be useful for monitoring health status in this species.  相似文献   

Embryonic Development and Gene Expression in Oocytes Cultured In Vitro in Supplemented Pre‐Maturation and Maturation Media     

PR Adona  THC de Bem  LG Mesquita  RC Rochetti  CLV Leal 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2011,46(1):e31-e38

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Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrew R. Zimmerman  Bin Gao 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(6):1169-1179

Pyrogenic carbon (biochar) amendment is increasingly discussed as a method to increase soil fertility while sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). However, both increased and decreased C mineralization has been observed following biochar additions to soils. In an effort to better understand the interaction of pyrogenic C and soil organic matter (OM), a range of Florida soils were incubated with a range of laboratory-produced biochars and CO₂ evolution was measured over more than one year. More C was released from biochar-amended than from non-amended soils and cumulative mineralized C generally increased with decreasing biomass combustion temperature and from hardwood to grass biochars, similar to the pattern of biochar lability previously determined from separate incubations of biochar alone.The interactive effects of biochar addition to soil on CO₂ evolution (priming) were evaluated by comparing the additive CO₂ release expected from separate incubations of soil and biochar with that actually measured from corresponding biochar and soil mixtures. Priming direction (positive or negative for C mineralization stimulation or suppression, respectively) and magnitude varied with soil and biochar type, ranging from −52 to 89% at the end of 1 year. In general, C mineralization was greater than expected (positive priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at low temperatures (250 and 400 °C) and from grasses, particularly during the early incubation stage (first 90 d) and in soils of lower organic C content. It contrast, C mineralization was generally less than expected (negative priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at high temperatures (525 and 650 °C) and from hard woods, particularly during the later incubation stage (250-500 d). Measurements of the stable isotopic signature of respired CO₂ indicated that, for grass biochars at least, it was predominantly pyrogenic C mineralization that was stimulated during early incubation and soil C mineralization that was suppressed during later incubation stages. It is hypothesized that the presence of soil OM stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term. The data strongly suggests, however, that over the long term, biochar-soil interaction will enhance soil C storage via the processes of OM sorption to biochar and physical protection.  相似文献   

Ultraviolet irradiation and the mechanisms underlying its inactivation of infectious agents     

Cutler TD  Zimmerman JJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2011,12(1):15-23

We review the principles of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inactivation of infectious agents by UV, and current applications for the control of microorganisms. In particular, wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm (germicidal UV) affect the double-bond stability of adjacent carbon atoms in molecules including pyrimidines, purines and flavin. Thus, UV inactivation of microorganisms results from the formation of dimers in RNA (uracil and cytosine) and DNA (thymine and cytosine). The classic application of UV irradiation is the inactivation of microorganisms in biological safety cabinets. In the food-processing industry, germicidal UV irradiation has shown potential for the surface disinfection of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. UV treatment of water (potable and wastewater) is increasingly common because the process is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, overdose is not possible, chemical residues or by-products are avoided, and water quality is unaffected. UV has been used to reduce the concentration of airborne microorganisms in limited studies, but the technology will require further development if it is to gain wider application. For bioaerosols, the primary technical challenge is delivery of sufficient UV irradiation to large volumes of air, but the absence of UV inactivation constants for airborne pathogens under a range of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) further compounds the problem.  相似文献   

Toward a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare     

Kittawornrat A  Zimmerman JJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2011,12(1):25-32

Pork production began to flourish in the USA after the practice of finishing pigs on corn was popularized in the late 1600s. By the 1840s, there were 35 million pigs and 20 million people in the USA and Cincinnati was the world's largest pork market. Between 1890 and the present, the total number of pigs in the USA has remained at 50-60 million, but dramatic changes in swine husbandry over the course of the 20th century have metamorphosed pig production from small, extensive (outdoor), labor-dependent enterprises into large, intensive (indoor), capital-dependent, production systems. This development has led to debate concerning the impact of swine production on animal/human health, the environment, and the welfare of the animals under our care. In a very tangible way, the future of pork production depends on effectively addressing the public's concerns regarding animal welfare and health. Here, we review basic sensory and behavioral aspects of swine with the objective of reaching a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare. The premise of this discussion is that safeguarding animal welfare and health is good for pigs, pork producers and the animal-conscious public.  相似文献   

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in canine intracranial meningiomas     

J. H. Rossmeisl Jr    J. L. Robertson  K. L. Zimmerman  M. A. Higgins  D. A. Geiger 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2009,7(3):173-180

Meningiomas are the most common canine intracranial tumour. Neurologic disability and death from treatment failure remain problematic despite current surgical and radiotheraputic treatments for canine intracranial meningiomas. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) over-expression has been demonstrated in multiple canine malignancies, and COX-2 inhibitory treatment strategies have been shown to have both preventative and therapeutic effects in spontaneous and experimental models of cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate COX-2 expression in canine intracranial meningiomas. Immunohistochemical and Western blot (WB) analyses showed COX-2 expression in multiple tissues of the normal canine brain, and 87% (21/24) of intracranial meningiomas studied were immunoreactive to COX-2. No significant associations between COX-2 immunoreactivity and tumour grade were identified. Further studies are required to elucidate the physiologic roles of constitutive COX-2 expression in the central nervous system as well as its participation in meningioma tumourigenesis.  相似文献   

Cardiorespiratory,sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone,morphine or tramadol in dogs     

Clarisse G Cardoso  Danilo RC Marques  Thiago HM da Silva  Ewaldo de Mattos‐Junior 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(6):636-643

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs.Study designExperimental, blinded, randomized, crossover study.AnimalsSix mixed breed dogs (two males and four females) weighing 10 ± 4 kg.MethodsThe animals were randomly divided into four treatments: D (10 μg kg^?1 of dexmedetomidine), DM (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg^?1 and methadone 0.5 mg kg^?1); DMO (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg^?1 and morphine 0.5 mg kg^?1), and DT (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg^?1 and tramadol 2 mg kg^?1). The combinations were administered intramuscularly in all treatments. The variables evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), sedation scale and pedal withdrawal reflex. These variables were measured at T0 (immediately before the administration of the protocol) and every 15 minutes thereafter until T105.ResultsA decrease in HR and f_R occurred in all the treatments compared with T0, but no significant difference was observed between the treatments. The RT decreased from T45 onward in all the treatments. The SAP did not show a difference between the treatments, but in the DT treatment, the SAP was lower at T30 and T45 compared with T0. The D treatment had lower scores of sedation at T15 to T75 compared with the other treatments, and the DMO and DM treatments showed higher scores at T60 and T75 compared with DT.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe treatments with morphine and methadone added to the dexmedetomidine showed higher sedation scores than the control treatment and the treatment with tramadol added to the dexmedetomidine showed no relevant differences in any of the variables evaluated in the study.  相似文献   

An evaluation of the NRC (1998) growth model in estimating lysine requirements of barrows with a lean growth rate of 348 g/d     

Wei R  Zimmerman DR 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(7):1772-1780

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the NRC (1998) growth model in predicting lysine requirements of high lean gain barrows by using plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion. In Exp. 1, 20 PIC barrows with an initial BW of 19.1 kg were used to estimate total lysine requirements at approximately 30 and 50 kg of BW in two separate randomized complete block designs. Another set of 20 PIC barrows with an initial BW of 59.0 kg was used to estimate total lysine requirements at about 70, 90, and 110 kg of BW in three separate, completely randomized designs. Pigs were individually penned and had free access to feed and water. Results indicated that total lysine requirements at 33, 52, 72, 93, and 113 kg of BW were 0.96 +/- 0.01, 0.85 +/- 0.02, 0.76 +/- 0.05, 0.66 +/- 0.03, and 0.49 +/- 0.21% of the diet (18.6 +/- 0.2, 20.1 +/- 0.5, 22.6 +/- 1.5, 18.7 +/- 0.8, and 16.8 +/- 7.2 g/d), respectively. The precision of the estimation decreased when pigs reached 70 kg of BW. To increase the precision, Exp. 2 was conducted in which 20 PIC barrows with an initial BW of 45.2 kg were repeatedly used in Latin square designs to estimate total as well as true ileal digestible lysine requirements at BW ranges of from 60 to 80, 80 to 100, and 100 to 120 kg, respectively. During the three BW range periods, the individually penned pigs were limited in feed intake to 2.6, 2.8, and 3.0 kg/d, respectively, and fed once daily. The estimated requirements in the three BW ranges were 21.8 +/- 0.5, 18.8 +/- 0.5, and 20.2 +/- 0.7 g/d in total lysine and 19.9 +/- 0.6, 17.0 +/- 0.5, and 18.1 +/- 0.6 g/d in true ileal digestible lysine, respectively. Total lysine requirements at approximately 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 kg of BW were about 102, 98, 106, 92, and 99% of the NRC (1998) recommendations, respectively. The close agreement validated the NRC growth model in predicting lysine requirements of high lean gain barrows over the growing-finishing period.  相似文献   

Copper, molybdenum and sulfate interaction in young swine     

S E Dale  R C Ewan  V C Speer  D R Zimmerman 《Journal of animal science》1973,37(4):913-917

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Follicular development and maturation in gilts selected for an index of high ovulation rate and high prenatal survival     

Yen HW  Ford JJ  Zimmerman DR  Johnson RK 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(1):130-135

Seventy-one 10th-generation gilts from White Line-1 (WL-1 = randomly selected control line) and White Line-2 (WL-2 = selected for an index of ovulation rate and prenatal survival rate) were used to compare the pattern of follicular development and atresia during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Gilts were treated with PGF(2alpha)on d 13 of the estrous cycle (d 0 of induced follicular development) to induce luteolysis and assigned randomly within line and sire for ovary recovery on d 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and the day after estrus. Ovaries were evaluated for numbers of corpora albicantia and small (2 to 2.9 mm), medium (M1 = 3 to 4.9 mm; M2 = 5 to 6.9 mm), and large (>or=7 mm) follicles. The concentration of estradiol-17beta in follicular fluid was used to classify individual M2 and large follicles as estrogen-active (>or=100 ng of estradiol-17beta/mL) or inactive (<100 ng of estradiol-17beta/mL). The WL-2 gilts had a greater ovulation rate than WL-1 gilts at their pre-treatment estrus (20.4 vs. 13.8 corpora albicantia; P < 0.001). The small and M1 follicle populations decreased rapidly in both lines over time (P < 0.001). The M2 follicle population increased in both lines between d 0 to 4 and then decreased. Mean estradiol concentration of M2 follicles increased in both genetic lines over time (P < 0.02). All large follicles were estrogen-active in both lines; the number of large follicles increased with day (P < 0.001) and was similar in both lines. The number of estrogen-active M2 follicles was similar in both lines, increasing to d 3 and 4 and then decreasing (P < 0.01) thereafter. However, the total number of estrogen-active follicles (sum of estrogen-active M2 and large follicles) was greater in WL-2 than in WL-1 gilts (P < 0.04), increasing to the ovulatory potential by d 3 in WL-1 gilts, but continuing to increase through d 4 in WL-2 gilts. Selection of an additional six ovulatory follicles from the estrogen-active M2 follicle pool after d 5 was required in both lines to achieve the projected ovulation rate, and after estrus, the number of large follicles remained insufficient to attain the ovulatory potential of each line.  相似文献