与辣椒抗CMV相关的数量性状位点(QTL)的鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A.Ben Chaim  R.C.Grube  M.Lapidot  M.Jahn I.Paran  张竹青 《辣椒杂志》2008,(1)

在辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种内进行抗CMV QTL分析.从感病品种Maor与抗病品种Perennial杂交获得180个F3.在美国和以色列的三个试验中用两个病毒株系接种.大部分RFLP和AFIP标记被用作构建遗传图谱,区间分析被用作QTL检测.有4个QTL与抗CMV显著相关.检测到了两个标记对CMV抗性的双基因互作,没有检测到单基因效用.3个试验中检测到控制表现型变异(cmy11.1)的QTL,其变异最大百分比为16%～33%,该QTL与双基因互作有关.这个QTL与L位点连锁,并证实该QTL与抗TMV有关.在Perennial上早期非常有趣的观察到抗CMV感TMV的现象.来自于不相关的种群的一个高世代的回交育种株系3990,被选择用来分析对CMV的抗性,标记覆盖整个基因组,检测到来自Perennial的基因渗人.这些基因渗入的区域中包括4个与抗CMV相关的QTL.在两个基因区域的标记被鉴定与抗CMV的QTL相关.同时也与控制果实重量的QTL相关,另外的育种观察也证实对CMV的抗性来源于Perennial和小果型品种.  相似文献   

Faecal shedding, alimentary clearance and intestinal spread of prions in hamsters fed with scrapie     

Krüger D  Thomzig A  Lenz G  Kampf K  McBride P  Beekes M 《Veterinary research》2009,40(1):4-Feb;40(1):04

Shedding of prions via faeces may be involved in the transmission of contagious prion diseases. Here, we fed hamsters 10mg of 263K scrapie brain homogenate and examined the faecal excretion of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(TSE)) during the course of infection. The intestinal fate of ingested PrP(TSE) was further investigated by monitoring the deposition of the protein in components of the gut wall using immunohistochemistry and paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blotting. Western blotting of faecal extracts showed shedding of PrP(TSE) in the excrement at 24-72 h post infection (hpi), but not at 0-24 hpi or at later preclinical or clinical time points. About 5% of the ingested PrP(TSE) were excreted via the faeces. However, the bulk of PrP(TSE) was cleared from the alimentary canal, most probably by degradation, while an indiscernible proportion of the inoculum triggered intestinal infection. Components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) showed progressing accumulation of PrP(TSE) from 30 days post infection (dpi) and 60 dpi, respectively. At the clinical stage of disease, substantial deposits of PrP(TSE) were found in the GALT in close vicinity to the intestinal lumen. Despite an apparent possibility of shedding from Peyer's patches that may involve the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), only small amounts of PrP(TSE) were detected in faeces from clinically infected animals by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Although excrement may thus provide a vehicle for the release of endogenously formed PrP(TSE), intestinal clearance mechanisms seem to partially counteract such a mode of prion dissemination.  相似文献   

Influence of agronomic factors and extraction rate on the acrylamide contents in yeast-leavened breads     

Claus A  Schreiter P  Weber A  Graeff S  Herrmann W  Claupein W  Schieber A  Carle R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(23):8968-8976

Because the impact of agronomical factors on bakery products quality is still an insufficiently studied field, acrylamide contents of breads produced from flours of nine wheat, two rye, and two spelt varieties harvested in 2003 and 2004 were investigated. It could be demonstrated that acrylamide content in bread strongly depends on the cultivar, with extremes differing by a factor of 5.4 due to marked differences in free asparagine and crude protein contents. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in elevated amino acid and protein contents, thus increasing acrylamide levels from 10.6 to 55.6 mug/kg. Independent of fertilization, harvest year turned out to be another factor influencing acrylamide formation. Breads produced from 2003 flours showed significantly higher acrylamide contents than those of 2004, which was ascribed to favorable light and temperature conditions during the cultivation period, thus enhancing amino acid and protein contents. Sprouting of the grain also resulted in significantly higher acrylamide levels, which was attributed to elevated enzyme activities and the formation of precursors from protein and starch. Furthermore, bakery products made from flours with higher extraction rates were shown to contain higher acrylamide levels resulting from extracted free asparagine and protein from the aleuron layers of the cereal grain.  相似文献   

Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis     

Barth SW  Faehndrich C  Bub A  Watzl B  Will F  Dietrich H  Rechkemmer G  Briviba K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(4):1181-1187

As recently shown, a cloudy apple juice (CloA) was effective to modulate colon cancer associated parameters in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). To identify the bioactive substance classes in CloA, we fractionated CloA to yield a total polyphenol (PF) and a cloud (CF) fraction consisting of proteins, fatty acids, polyphenols, and cell wall polysaccharides. Rats received water (control (Cont)) or CloA, PF, and CF separate or combined (PF-CF) ad libitum for 7 weeks starting one week before the first DMH-injection. As determined by comet assay, the DMH-induced genotoxicity in colonocytes of controls (Cont/DMH: 7.7 +/- 0.5%) was significantly reduced by CloA (3.3 +/- 0.3%) but not by any of the fractions. The crypt cell proliferation induced by DMH (Cont/NaCl: 7.5 +/- 0.6%; Cont/DMH: 14.9 +/- 0.8%) was significantly decreased by CloA (9.4 +/- 0.4%), PF (12.4 +/- 0.7%), CF (11.6 +/- 0.4%), and PF-CF (12.4 +/- 0.6%). Although not statistically significant, CloA tended to reduce the number of large aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (Cont/DMH: 19.0 +/- 3.7; CloA/DMH: 12.3 +/- 1.9), while none of the fractions affected ACFs. Neither CloA nor the fractions changed mRNAs of colonic cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), glutathione-associated enzymes (GST-M2, gamma-GCS, GST-P), the splenocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, natural killer cell activity, and plasma antioxidant status. These results demonstrate that CloA had a higher cancer-preventive potential than the fractions and further, besides PF, identified CF as an additional bioactive fraction of CloA.  相似文献   

Small Scale Heterogeneity of Soil Chemical Properties. I. A Technique for Rapid Aggregate Fractionation     

Achim T. Kayser  Wolfgang Wilcke  Martin Kaupenjohann  John D. Joslin 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(6):453-458

Several recent studies have observed physical, chemical and microbiological heterogeneities on the scale of soil aggregates. The publications emphasize the ecological importance of these small scale gradients. This paper introduces a method for the rapid fractionation of soil structure units into a surface fraction and a core fraction. The technique combines a rapid freezing in liquid N₂ and standardized wet sieving of the structure units. During the sieving process the aggregate surfaces begin to thaw and are consequently washed through the sieve. The soil passing the sieve during a specified time is termed aggregate surface fraction, the remainder is the aggregate core fraction. Samples from 18 forest soil profiles were taken to study the precision and accuracy of the method, as well as factors determining the efficiency of fractionation. The precision of aggregate fractionation as determined by parallel fractionations yielded coefficients of variability of 5.3 to 7.5% and 6.5 to 11.4% for the amount of core and surface fraction, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed technique yielded results comparable to those obtained by manual razor-peeling of the aggregate surfaces. The variation of concentrations of chemical parameters in water extracts of both aggregate fractions was up to six times greater than in soil solutions obtained from mixed samples. Increasing soil organic C resulted in a decrease in the proportion of the aggregate surface soil collected under fixed sieving conditions, while clay content correlated positively with the amount of the aggregate surface fraction collected.  相似文献   

Polyphenol screening of pomace from red and white grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS     

Kammerer D  Claus A  Carle R  Schieber A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(14):4360-4367

Phenolic compounds of 14 pomace samples originating from red and white winemaking were characterized by HPLC-MS. Up to 13 anthocyanins, 11 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and 13 catechins and flavonols as well as 2 stilbenes were identified and quantified in the skins and seeds by HPLC-DAD. Large variabilities comprising all individual phenolic compounds were observed, depending on cultivar and vintage. Grape skins proved to be rich sources of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonol glycosides, whereas flavanols were mainly present in the seeds. However, besides the lack of anthocyanins in white grape pomace, no principal differences between red and white grape varieties were observed. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of individual phenolic compounds comprising all polyphenolic subclasses of grapes including a comparison of several red and white pomaces from nine cultivars. The results obtained in the present study confirm that both skins and seeds of most grape cultivars constitute a promising source of polyphenolics.  相似文献   

Einfluß des Jahresniederschlags und der Bodenart auf die 137Cs-Tiefenverteilung in Böden Südchiles     

Paulina Schuller  Achim Ellies 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(6):429-432

The influence of mean annual rainfall and soil texture on the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in soils from southern Chile The influence of mean annual rainfall and soil texture on the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout was studied in undisturbed volcanic ash soils from southern Chile. The areal concentration and translocation depth increase with the mean annual precipitation. In spite of the high rainfall at the sampled area (970 - 2500 mm a^?1), the highest ¹³⁷Cs contamination was found in the upper 10 cm layer. The vertical migration is reduced by the high adsorption capacity of these volcanic ash soils, but on the other side increased in soils with high large-pore volumen. The translocation depth reaches only up to 26 cm in the clay soils, 35 cm in the silty soils and 70 cm in the sandy soil.  相似文献   

Wasserhaushalt und Bodenwasserverteilung bei einer Futtermaiskultur in Südchile     

Achim Ellies  Anton Huber 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1991,154(1):9-12

Water balance and distribution in the soil on maize in southern Chile A water balance on maize in a Dystrandept in southern Chile was determined. With raingauges and stemflow rings the amount of rainfall was divided into throughfall, stemflow and interception. The variation with time of the water content in the soil was determinated by tensiometers and gypsum-blocks located in the soil in and between plant rows. The water distribution on the soil surface was very heterogeneous depending on the plant development. The stemflow increased with plant growth and it is the principal factor of the irregular distribution of water in the soil profile. In the plant rows and up to a medium soil depth the matrix potential was greater than between rows. Small precipitations only have a significant effectiveness on the soil because of stemflow.  相似文献   

High prevalence of Sarcocystis calchasi sporocysts in European Accipiter hawks     

Olias P  Olias L  Krücken J  Lierz M  Gruber AD 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,175(3-4):230-236

The emerging Sarcocystis calchasi induces a severe and lethal central nervous disease in its intermediate host, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica). Experimental studies have identified the Northern goshawk (Accipiter g. gentilis) as final host. Phylogenetically closely related European sparrowhawks (Accipiter n. nisus) and wood pigeons (Columba palumbus) have been found to harbor genetically closely related Sarcocystis spp. However, data on the prevalence and potential interspecies occurrence of these parasites are lacking. Here, we report that European Accipiter hawks (Accipitrinae) are highly infected with S. calchasi, S. columbae and Sarcocystis sp. ex A. nisus in their small intestine. Thirty-one of 50 (62%) Northern goshawks necropsied during 1997-2008 were positive for S. calchasi in a newly established species-specific semi-nested PCR assay based on the first internal transcribed spacer region. Unexpectedly, 14 of 20 (71.4%) European sparrowhawks tested also positive. In addition, birds of both species were found to be infested with S. columbae and an, as yet, unnamed Sarcocystis sp. recently isolated from European sparrowhawks. These findings raise new questions about the host specificity of S. calchasi and its high virulence in domestic pigeons, since sparrowhawks only rarely prey on pigeons. Notably, isolated sporocysts from both infected Accipiter spp. measured 8 μm × 11.9 μm, precluding a preliminary identification of S. calchasi in feces of Accipiter hawks based on morphology alone. Importantly, three of four Northern goshawks used in falconry tested positive for S. calchasi. In conclusion, the results indicate that both European Accipter spp. in Germany serve as natural final hosts of S. calchasi and suggest that falconry and pigeon sport may serve as risk factors for the spread of this pathogen in domestic pigeons.  相似文献   

Molecular epidemiology and virulence assessment of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from white stork chicks and their environment     

Olias P  Gruber AD  Hafez HM  Lierz M  Slesiona S  Brock M  Jacobsen ID 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,148(2-4):348-355

Aspergillus fumigatus is a common pathogen in poultry and captive wild birds and an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen in immunocompromised humans. Although invasive aspergillosis is frequently reported in free-ranging wild birds, the incidence and epidemiology of the disease in a natural setting is unknown. We recently reported endemic outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis at white stork nesting sites close to human habitation in Germany with significant subsequent breeding losses. Therefore, we hypothesized that A. fumigatus strains with higher virulence in birds may have evolved in this environment and performed the first epidemiological analysis of invasive aspergillosis in free-ranging wild birds. Sixty-one clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates from six affected nesting sites were genotyped by microsatellite analysis using the STRAf-assay. The isolates showed a remarkable high genomic diversity and, contrary to the initial hypothesis, clinical and environmental isolates did not cluster significantly. Interestingly, storks were infected with two to four different genotypes and in most cases both mating types MAT-1.1 and MAT-1.2 were present within the same specimen. The majority of selected clinical and environmental strains exhibited similar virulence in an in vivo infection model using embryonated chicken eggs. Noteworthy, virulence was not associated with one distinct fungal mating type. These results further support the assumption that the majority of A. fumigatus strains have the potential to cause disease in susceptible hosts. In white storks, immaturity of the immune system during the first three weeks of age may enhance susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis.  相似文献