Emerging multi-pathogen disease caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Didymella bryoniae</Emphasis> and pathogenic bacteria on Styrian oil pumpkin     

Martin Grube  Michael Fürnkranz  Sabine Zitzenbacher  Herbert Huss  Gabriele Berg 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(3):539-548

The Styrian oil pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo var. styriaca Greb. is a crop of cultural, commercial, and medical importance. In the last decade, yield losses of pumpkins increased dramatically. The ascomycetous fungus Didymella bryoniae (Fuckel) Rehm was identified as main causal agent provoking gummy stem blight as well as black rot of pumpkins. We observed a remarkable phenotypic diversity of the fungal pathogen, which contrasted with a high genotypic similarity. Evidence of pathogenictiy of D. bryoniae on Styrian oil pumpkin was demonstrated in a newly developed greenhouse assay. Isolates representing the five observed phenotypic groups fulfilled the Koch’s postulates. In the field, the fungal disease was often associated with bacterial colonization by Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas cucurbitae. The pathogenic behaviour of bacterial isolates on pumpkin was confirmed in the greenhouse assay. The high co-incidence of fungal and bacterial disease suggests mutualistic effects in pathogenesis. With a new assay, we found that bacteria can use the mycelium of D. bryoniae for translocation. We argue that the rapid rise of the multi-pathogen disease of pumpkins results from combined action of versatile pathogenic bacteria and the rapid translocation on a structurally versatile mycelium of the fungal pathogen.  相似文献   

Socio-economics in forestry     

Achim Schlüter  Roderich von Detten 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(3):325-328

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Proteolysis and bioconversion of cereal proteins to glutamate and γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) in Rye malt sourdoughs     

Stromeck A  Hu Y  Chen L  Gänzle MG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(4):1392-1399

This study aimed to achieve the conversion of cereal proteins to the alternative end products glutamate or γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). Rye malt, fungal proteases, and lactobacilli were employed to convert wheat gluten or barley proteins. Glutamate and GABA formations were strain-dependent. Lactobacillus reuteri TMW1.106 and Lactobacillus rossiae 34J accumulated glutamate; L. reuteri LTH5448 and LTH5795 accumulated GABA. Glutamate and GABA accumulation by L. reuteri TMW1.106 and LTH5448 increased throughout fermentation time over 96 h, respectively. Peptides rather than amino acids were the main products of proteolysis in all doughs, and barley proteins were more resistant to degradation by rye malt proteases than wheat gluten. However, addition of fungal protease resulted in comparable degradation of both substrates. Glutamate and GABA accumulated to concentrations up to 63 and 90 mmol kg(-1) DM, respectively. Glutamate levels obtained through bioconversion of cereal proteins enable the use of hydrolyzed cereal protein as condiment.  相似文献   

Self-recognition among different polyprotic macroions during assembly processes in dilute solution     

Liu T  Langston ML  Li D  Pigga JM  Pichon C  Todea AM  Müller A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6024):1590-1592

We report a self-recognition phenomenon based on an assembly process in a homogeneous dilute aqueous solution of two nano-scaled, spherical polyprotic metal oxide-based macroions (neutral species in crystals), also called Keplerates of the type [(linker)??(pentagon)??]≡[{M(H?O)}??{(Mo)Mo?}??] where M is Fe(III) or Cr(III). Upon deprotonation of the neutral species, the resulting macroions assemble into hollow "blackberry"-type structures through very slow homogeneous dimer-oligomerization processes. Although the geometrical surface structures of the two macroions are practically identical, mixtures of these form homogeneous superstructures, rather than mixed species. The phase separation is based on the difference in macroionic charge densities present during the slow homogeneous dimer or oligomer formation. The surface water ligands' residence times of Cr(III) and Fe(III) differ markedly and lead to very different interfacial water mobilities between the Keplerates.  相似文献   

Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Zimmermann R  Strauss JG  Haemmerle G  Schoiswohl G  Birner-Gruenberger R  Riederer M  Lass A  Neuberger G  Eisenhaber F  Hermetter A  Zechner R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5700):1383-1386

Mobilization of fatty acids from triglyceride stores in adipose tissue requires lipolytic enzymes. Dysfunctional lipolysis affects energy homeostasis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. Until now, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was the only enzyme known to hydrolyze triglycerides in mammalian adipose tissue. Here, we report that a second enzyme, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), catalyzes the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis. It is interesting that ATGL contains a "patatin domain" common to plant acyl-hydrolases. ATGL is highly expressed in adipose tissue of mice and humans. It exhibits high substrate specificity for triacylglycerol and is associated with lipid droplets. Inhibition of ATGL markedly decreases total adipose acyl-hydrolase activity. Thus, ATGL and HSL coordinately catabolize stored triglycerides in adipose tissue of mammals.  相似文献   

Prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus DNA in feline lymphomas     

Weiss AT  Klopfleisch R  Gruber AD 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2010,12(12):929-935

A significant drop in the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigenaemic cats and antigen-associated lymphomas has been observed after the introduction of FeLV vaccination and antigen-testing with removal of persistently antigenaemic cats. However, recent reports have indicated that regressively infected cats may contain FeLV provirus DNA and that lymphoma development may be associated with the presence of provirus alone. In the present study, we investigated the presence of FeLV antigen and provirus DNA in 50 lymphomas by immunohistochemistry and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Interestingly, almost 80% of T-cell lymphomas and 60% of B-cell lymphomas contained provirus DNA while only 21% of T-cell lymphomas and 11% of B-cell lymphomas expressed FeLV antigen. In conclusion, our results support previous hypotheses that vaccination and removal of persistently antigenaemic cats have led to a drop in FeLV antigen-expressing lymphomas. However, FeLV provirus DNA is still present in a high percentage of feline lymphomas.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of the feline T-cell receptor γ alternate reading frame protein (TARP) ortholog     

Alexander Th. A. Weiss  Marie-Charlotte von Deetzen  Werner Hecht  Manfred Reinacher  Achim D. Gruber 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2012,13(4):345-353

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Five cases of pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy in dogs     

Linek J  Gruber AD  Mecklenburg L 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2012,15(Z2):41-47

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Weather factors controlling growth of Oriental beech are on the turn over the growing season     

Reza Oladi  Elham Elzami  Kambiz Pourtahmasi  Achim Bräuning 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(2):345-356

A better understanding of the ecophysiological basis of wood formation by monitoring radial growth over the whole vegetation period may help to explain possible discrepancies between long-term average climate–growth relationships and short-term climatic impacts on tree growth. To understand how growth–climate associations of Oriental beech vary throughout a vegetation period, we studied seasonal growth patterns of high-elevation beech trees growing in the north of Iran by collecting wood anatomical micro-cores in 10 to bi-weekly intervals and measuring stem increment with high-resolution electronic dendrometers. Wood formation was for two consecutive years with contrasting inter-annual climate conditions (2011 and 2012). We divided the growing period into three equal time phases and related daily climate variability to the cambial growth in each phase. The pattern of climate–growth relationships varies over a complete growing season and between years: in both study years, trees responded homogenously at the beginning and at the end of the growing season, but showed opposing influence of relative humidity during spring and early summer (June and July). Temperature as the main driver of xylogenesis had a stimulating effect on growth at the beginning of the growing season, but had negative effects on radial increment during late June and July mainly due to the excess of ambient temperatures over an optimum threshold. Higher temperature in late June and July 2011 compared with those of 2012 led to a significantly narrower tree ring in 2011, despite the similar sums/means of annual climate parameters in these two years. Since regional climate change scenarios expect higher temperature and reduced moisture conditions in future, radial growth of beech in the north of Iran may be adversely affected.  相似文献   

The stability of different silvicultural systems: a wind-tunnel investigation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gardiner  Barry; Marshall  Bryan; Achim  Alexis; Belcher  Rex; Wood  Colin 《Forestry》2005,78(5):471-484

We report on a wind-tunnel study with 1 : 75 scale model treesdesigned to examine the influence of canopy structure on theformation of turbulent gusts above forests. This was to testthe hypothesis that more irregular canopy structures produceless intense gusts because the change in wind speed with heightat canopy top is less severe. Measurements were made of windspeeds and turbulence within and above the model forests andof the wind loading on model trees in four different silviculturalsystems. The systems tested were even-aged, single-tree selection,shelterwood/group selection and strip felling. The measurementsshowed that the profiles of different mean wind and turbulencecharacteristics above the forests are remarkably similar whenvertical heights are normalized by the height of the tallesttree but differences do exist within the canopy. The wind loadingmeasurements indicated no difference between the systems interms of stability except possibly for the shelterwood/groupselection. In the shelterwood/group selection system the presenceof smaller sub-canopy trees appears to reduce the loading onthe main canopy trees either by providing support and increasingdamping or by absorption of energy from the canopy-penetratinggusts.  相似文献