Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats     

González A  Sahagun AM  Diez MJ  Fernandez N  Sierra M  Garcia JJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(2):323-328

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult goats. PROCEDURE: Ivermectin (200 microg/kg) was initially administered IV to each goat, and plasma samples were obtained for 36 days. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each goat received a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 microg/kg) by SC injection. Plasma samples were then obtained for 42 days. Drug concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model; values for main compartmental variables included volume of distribution at a steady state (9.94 L/kg), clearance (1.54 L/kg/d), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 143 [ng x d]/mL). Values for the noncompartmental variables included mean residence time (7.37 days), AUC (153 [ng x d]/mL), and clearance (1.43 L/kg/d). After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Values of the variables calculated by use of this method included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; 21.8 ng/mL), time to reach Cmax (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91.8%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The commercial formulation used in this study is a good option to consider when administering ivermectin to goats because of the high absorption, which is characterized by high values of F. In addition, the values of Cmax and time to reach Cmax are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration.  相似文献   

Rapid quantification of the phenolic fraction of Spanish virgin olive oils by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection     

Carrasco-Pancorbo A  Gómez-Caravaca AM  Cerretani L  Bendini A  Segura-Carretero A  Fernandez-Gutiérrez A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(21):7984-7991

A rapid and reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method was used as a tool to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information about simple phenols, lignans, complex phenols (isomeric forms of secoiridoids), phenolic acids, and flavonoids in the solid-phase separation extracts from different Spanish extra-virgin olive oil in a short time (less than 6 min). Peak identification was done by using commercial and HPLC-isolated standards, studying the information of the electropherograms obtained at several wavelengths and also using the information previously reported. For the quantification of lignans and complex phenols (secoiridoid derivatives), we used a reference compound (oleuropein glucoside) at two different wavelengths (200 and 240 nm) and for the quantification of tyrosol and flavonoids, we used their commercially available standards.  相似文献   

Male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gomendio M  Malo AF  Soler AJ  Fernández-Santos MR  Esteso MC  García AJ  Roldan ER  Garde J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5804):1445-1447

Efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. However, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. We tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. Our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (a main determinant of male fertility) and the proportion of male offspring. Thus, males may contribute significantly to biases in sex ratio at birth among mammals, creating the potential for conflicts of interest between males and females.  相似文献   

New flavanol-anthocyanin condensed pigments and anthocyanin composition in guatemalan beans (Phaseolus spp.)     

Macz-Pop GA  González-Paramás AM  Pérez-Alonso JJ  Rivas-Gonzalo JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(2):536-542

It has long been considered that the pigments resulting from direct condensation between anthocyanins and flavanols were formed exclusively during storage and processing, both in plant-derived foods and in drinks. Recently, however, the minor presence of this type of pigment has been shown in different plant extracts, among them beans. In this work we have studied this family of pigments in beans from Guatemala belonging to two distinct species of the genus Phaseolus, confirming the presence of (epi)gallocatechin carbon-carbon linked to the aglycone of delphinidin and (epi)catechin-cyanidin-3-glucoside. Furthermore, for the first time in this foodstuff another three flavanol-anthocyanin condensed pigments formed by the linkage of (epi)catechin with the corresponding aglycones of cyanidin, petunidin, and peonidin have been described. Also, the natural occurrence of anthocyanidins in this matrix has been confirmed in some of the samples analyzed in this work, the majority being components of their anthocyanin composition. The corresponding aglycones of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, and malvidin have been identified as well as two aglycones with identical mass to those of peonidin and petunidin, but with different retention times, which leads to the supposition that they are probably methylated derivatives of cyanidin and delphinidin, respectively.  相似文献   

Common sources and estimated intake of plant sterols in the Spanish diet     

Jiménez-Escrig A  Santos-Hidalgo AB  Saura-Calixto F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(9):3462-3471

Plant sterols (PS) are minor lipid components of plants, which may have potential health benefits, mainly based in their cholesterol-lowering effect. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and content of PS in plant-based foods commonly consumed in Spain and to estimate the PS intake in the Spanish diet. For this purpose, the determination of PS content, using a modern methodology to measure free, esterified, and glycosidic sterol forms, was done. Second, an estimation of the intake of PS, using the Spanish National Food Consumption data, was made. The daily intake per person of PS--campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol--in the Spanish diet was estimated at 276 mg, the largest component being beta-sitosterol (79.7%). Other unknown compounds, tentatively identified as PS, may constitute a considerable potential intake (99 mg). When the daily PS intake among European diets was compared in terms of campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol, the PS intake in the Spanish diet was in the same range of other countries such as Finland (15.7% higher) or The Netherlands (equal). However, some qualitative differences in the PS sources were detected, that is, the predominant brown bread and vegetable fat consumption in the northern diets versus the white bread and vegetable oil consumption in the Spanish diet. These differences may help to provide a link between the consumption of PS and healthy effects of the diet.  相似文献   

Insecticidal and antifungal activity of a protein from Pouteria torta seeds with lectin-like properties     

Boleti AP  Freire Md  Coelho MB  Silva Wd  Baldasso PA  Gomes VM  Marangoni S  Novello JC  Macedo ML 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(7):2653-2658

This paper describes the purification and characterization of a novel protein from the seeds of Pouteria torta (family Sapotaceae). The protein was purified by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and reverse phase chromatographies. SDS-PAGE of the purified protein resulted in a single protein band of 14 kDa in the presence and absence of DTT. The lectin-like activity of pouterin was best inhibited by glycoproteins such as fetuin, asialofetuin, heparin, orosomucoid, and ovoalbumin. Pouterin inhibited the growth of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum musae and of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The incorporation of pouterin into an artificial diet (final concentration = 0.12%, w/w) caused 50% mortality in larvae of the insect Callosobruchus maculatus, whereas 0.08% pouterin produced an ED50.  相似文献   

Effect of steam treatment of alperujo on the composition, enzymatic saccharification, and in vitro digestibility of alperujo     

Rodríguez G  Rodríguez R  Jiménez A  Guillén R  Fernandez-Bolaños J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(1):136-142

The solid waste from two-phase olive oil extraction or "alperujo" was submitted to steam treatment at high pressure or temperature, 200 degrees C for 5 min, in the presence and absence of mild acid catalyst. This treatment made easier the separation of the solid and liquid fractions. Besides the recovery of certain valuable components from the liquid fraction (the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, low molecular weight oligosaccharides, glucose, mannitol, etc.), the major components of the solid residue could be also exploited. In this study, changes in composition of alperujo due to steam treatment were determined. The process reduced appreciably the hemicellulose concentrations (75-88%), removed a substantial portion of Klason lignin and protein (50%), and led to an extensive solubilization of alperujo (55-67%). Cellulose was very resistant to autohydrolysis and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, so the solid residue was enriched in fat (13-18 g/100 g of dry steam-treated alperujo) and cellulose (15-25 g/100 g of dry and defatted steam-treated alperujo). The steam-treated material can be efficiently saccharified with commercial cellulase. The best hydrolysis yields were attained, up to 80%, when the treated material was post-treated with NaOH. The possibility of using this steam-treated alperujo in animal feeding was evaluated by an in vitro digestibility test, using the pepsin-cellulase method. The treatment affected positively the nutritional characteristics of alperujo with an increase in its in vitro (dry and organic matter) digestibility (8-10% higher than untreated material). In vitro digestibility and cellulose accessibility to enzymatic hydrolysis were improved by the alkali post-treatment.  相似文献   

Evaluation of biosurfactant production from various agricultural residues by Lactobacillus pentosus     

Moldes AB  Torrado AM  Barral MT  Domínguez JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(11):4481-4486

The cost of biosurfactant production may be significantly decreased by using inexpensive carbon substrates like agricultural residues. However, scarce information can be found in the literature about the utilization of lignocellulosic residues for obtaining biosurfactants. Usually agricultural residues are field burned, producing various toxic compounds to the atmosphere; so, as an interesting alternative to the traditional field burning of this kind of residue, this work proposes the utilization of agricultural wastes (barley bran, trimming vine shoots, corn cobs, and Eucalyptus globulus chips) for simultaneous lactic acid and biosurfactant production. Previous to this biotechnological process, lignocellulosic residues were hydrolyzed, using H2SO4, under selected conditions and neutralized with CaCO3. Following, Lactobacillus pentosus was employed for the fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolyzates after nutrient supplementation. Biosurfactants were measured by taking into account the surface tension reduction. The highest value of reduction (21.3 units) was found when using hemicellulosic sugar hydrolyzates obtained from trimming vine shoots, corresponding to 0.71 g of biosurfactant per g of biomass and 25.6 g of lactic acid/L. On the contrary, barley bran husk hydrolyzates only produced 0.28 g of biosurfactant per g of biomass and 33.2 g of lactic acid/L. The differences between biosurfactant production can be attributed to the different compositions of the hydrolyzates.  相似文献   

Dysfunctionality of the xylem in Olea europaea L. Plants associated with the infection process by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Role of phenolic compounds in plant defense mechanism     

Báidez AG  Gómez P  Del Río JA  Ortuño A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(9):3373-3377

Xylem ultrastructural modification and the possible participation of phenolic compounds in the natural defense or resistance mechanisms of olive plants infected with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were studied. Microscopic study showed that the mycelium propagated and passed from one element to another through the pit. The formation of tyloses and aggregates contributed to obstruction of the xylem lumen. In vivo changes in the levels of these phenolic compounds in infected olive plants and their antifungal activity against Verticillium dahliae Kleb., as revealed by in vitro study, strongly suggest that they are involved in natural defense or resistance mechanisms in this plant material, the most active being quercetin and luteolin aglycons, followed by rutin, oleuropein, luteolin-7-glucoside, tyrosol, p-coumaric acid, and catechin. .  相似文献   

Influence of agronomic variables on the macronutrient and micronutrient contents and thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis)     

Jacques RA  Arruda EJ  de Oliveira LC  de Oliveira AP  Dariva C  de Oliveira JV  Caramão EB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(18):7510-7516

The influence of agronomic variables (light intensity, age of leaves, and fertilization type) on the content of macronutrients and micronutrients (potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper) of tea leaves was assessed by acid digestion, followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) was also studied in this work. Samples of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) were collected in an experiment conducted under agronomic control at Erva-Mate Bar?o Commerce and Industry LTD (Brazil). The results showed that the mineral content in mate is affected by the agronomic variables investigated. In general, the content of mineral compounds analyzed is higher for younger leaves and for plants cultivated in shadow. Thermal analysis of samples indicated a similar behavior, with three typical steps of decomposition: loss of water, degradation of low-molecular weight compounds, and degradation of residual materials.  相似文献