Valuation of forest carbon sinks in China within the framework of the system of national accounts     

Ying Zhang  Jiancheng Chen  Mingxing Hu  Armin Offer 《林业研究》2016,27(6):1321-1328

To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national accounts(SNA) and data from the latest forest resources inventory in China. The study calculated the value of forest carbon stocks at a total of RMB817.13 × 10~9 yuan in 2003 and RMB 839.93× 109 yuan in 2008, with an average annual increase of 0.55 % from an increase in physical carbon sinks. The total value of forest carbon sinks in 2003 and 2008 was RMB 26.73 × 10~9 yuan and RMB 29.77 × 10~9 yuan, respectively, with an average annual growth of 2.18 %. From 2003 to 2008, both stock and flow value of forest carbon sinks increased, but the total net flow value of carbon sinks decreased. The growth rate for the environmentally adjusted Gross Domestic Product(ea GDP) for China's forest carbon sinks was 17.23 %, outstripping the average growth rate of 9.5 % for the GDP during the same period. The study also indicates that China's forest carbon sinks affects the GDP in the range of 0.25–0.26 %, and its economic potential is not relatively huge.  相似文献   

Biosynthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenes in strawberry fruits and foliage: 2H labeling studies     

Hampel D  Mosandl A  Wüst M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(4):1473-1478

The biosynthesis of the monoterpene (S)-linalool and the sesquiterpene trans-(S)-nerolidol in fruits of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Eros and Florence and of the monoterpene (-)-alpha-pinene in Fragaria vesca was investigated by in vivo feeding experiments with [5,5-2H2]mevalonic acid lactone (d2-MVL) and [5,5-2H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose (d2-DOX). The feeding experiments indicate that (S)-linalool and trans-(S)-nerolidol in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. and (-)-alpha-pinene in F. vesca are exclusively synthesized via the cytosolic mevalonic acid pathway without any contribution from the plastidial 1-deoxy-D-xylulose/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) route. Inhibition experiments revealed that even the presence of mevastatin, an export of plastid-derived isopentyl diphosphate/dimethylallyl diphosphate, cannot be induced. However, the enantioselective analysis shows that in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Eros and Florence both linalool enantiomers are present and that only (S)-linalool is labeled after administration of d2-MVL. Therefore, the origin of (R)-linalool in these fruits remains unknown. Contrarily, in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. foliage (R)-linalool is the dominant enantiomer. Feeding experiments revealed an incorporation of d2-MVL and d2-DOX at equal rates exclusively into (S)-linalool. Only in F. vesca foliage, where (R)-linalool is present at high enantiomeric purity (ee > 90%), is a de novo biosynthesis of the (R)-enantiomer via the DOXP/MEP pathway detectable. These results demonstrate a complex intraplant variation of (R)- and (S)-linalool biosynthesis via the cytosolic and plastidial route.  相似文献   

Effects of teat position on selected milk components of primiparous sows during lactation     

Tuchscherer M  Puppe B  Tuchscherer A 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,119(1-2):74-80

The composition of sow colostrum and milk from single teats were characterized in 20 primiparous German Landrace sows at ten points throughout lactation time (after birth of the first piglet, and subsequently at 12 and 24 h, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d postpartum). In these samples contents of protein, IgG, lactose and fat were analyzed. In the first 3 days of lactation protein- and IgG-contents drastically decreased, on the other hand the levels of energy resources lactose and fat increased. Significant effects of the single teat and the teat pair on the content of protein at farrowing and 12 h later as well as on the contents of IgG and lactose 12 h postpartum were found. The highest contents of protein and IgG were analyzed in colostrum of teats in the median udder section, the colostrum of cranial teats had the highest content of lactose. At days 3 and 5 of lactation milk showed large coefficients of variation (cv) in milk composition from teat to teat as well as from sow to sow (intraindividual cv: protein: 22%, IgG: 45%, lactose: 20%, fat: 34%; interindividual cv: protein: 36%, IgG: 85%, lactose: 27%, fat: 47%). During lactation period the intraindividual variation of milk parameters was lower than the interindividual variation. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.  相似文献   

Assessment of different wheat genotypes with altered genetic background in response to different salinity levels     

Mehrnaz Riasat  Asra Ahmadi Niaz  Armin Saed-Moucheshi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(14):1821-1833

This experiment was conducted in a glasshouse at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Zarghan, Iran, in 2016. Sixteen wheat genotypes were compared under four salinity levels [control, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] in terms of grain yield, chlorophyll (SPAD), flag leaf area, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, catalase, and peroxidase activities in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Overall, results indicated that apparently no single parameter or a specific group of parameters could be suggested as factors of the most responsive element to different salinity stress levels. In other words, the tolerance mechanism of wheat genotypes is a complex response of multiple factors as a network path. Furthermore, different salinity levels led to different responses of wheat genotypes, which were detectable by the results of the mean comparison and analysis of variance. These results also proved the influential effects of the genetic background on salinity response and tolerance of wheat genotypes. In addition, antioxidants acting as defense barriers against reactive oxygen species are very important constituents against salinity, since higher antioxidant activity leads to alleviate the oxidative stress caused by salinity. Higher osmolyte concentration regulating the selective uptake of useful ions can prevent excess accumulation of toxic ions, which contribute to salinity stress damages. A high variation related to the measured traits in this study under both normal and salinity stress conditions was achieved, which could be applied in screening and breeding programs for salinity stress tolerance. Moreover, the responses of different genotypes varied regarding the different traits; SU-0129 as a novel genotype has proved to be the best choice for further breeding research based on the overall traits and, in particular, grain yield and tolerance stress index.  相似文献   

Determination of some phenolic acids in Majorana hortensis by capillary electrophoresis with online electrokinetic preconcentration     

Petr J  Vítková K  Ranc V  Znaleziona J  Maier V  Knob R  Sevcík J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(11):3940-3944

An online accumulation/mobilization preconcentration technique based on a dynamic pH junction technique and electrokinetic injection was employed for analysis of phenolic acids (sinapic, ferulic, coumarinic, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) in extracts from Majorana hortensis leaves. Samples were extracted by pressurized solvent extraction with acetone at 150 degrees C and 15 MPa. The capillary electrophoretic method employed 50 mmol.L (-1) sodium borate, pH 9.5, as the sample electrolyte, 50 mmol.L (-1) sodium phosphate, pH 2.5, as the background electrolyte, and 50 mmol.L (-1) sodium phosphate, pH 2.5, with 60 mmol.L (-1) sodium dodecyl sulfate as the mobilization electrolyte. The method allowed 720-fold to 5560-fold preconcentration of the phenolic acids during 30 min of electrokinetic accumulation with detection limits from 0.38 to 4.22 ng.mL (-1).  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban and semi-urban soils of Havana,Cuba     

Sosa  Dayana  Hilber  Isabel  Faure  Roberto  Bartolomé  Nora  Fonseca  Osvaldo  Keller  Armin  Bucheli  Thomas D.  Escobar  Arturo 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(3):1328-1341

Purpose

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Havana were quantified and analyzed in relation to possible emission sources to assess metropolitan soil contaminations in a highly dynamic, urban environment. The results of this study will serve Cuban legislators as a basis to develop environmental quality standards for organic pollutants in soils.

Materials and methods

Possible emission sources as, e.g., the vicinity to roads or industrial plants and the influence of the land use were related to the organic contaminants concentrations. Therefore, 28 topsoils in the Havana urban and semi-urban area were sampled at agricultural (n?=?12), organoponic (urban gardens in the capital, n?=?8), public park (n?=?7), and remediation (on-site bioremediation of an oil refinery, n?=?1) sites. Their PAH and PCB concentrations were measured with gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and the total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) concentrations with the chemo-thermal oxidation.

Results and discussion

The sum of the 16 PAH concentrations ranged from 0.04 mg/kg in agricultural and organoponic soils to up to 72 mg/kg in a public park at about 1.5 km distance from an oil refinery. The lowest sum of the seven PCB congener concentrations was also measured in organoponic soils (0.002 mg/kg) and the highest in an arable patch of land between the rail roads and a main road (0.1 mg/kg). Both, PAH as well as PCB soil concentrations in Havana were almost up to two orders of magnitudes higher compared to a soil monitoring in the neighboring province of Mayabeque, but overall in the typical range of urban soils reported by other studies. The pollutants showed no relationship between TOC and BC except for PAHs with BC. For PAHs, combustion was the main source.

Conclusions

A comparison of the pollutant concentrations with regulatory guidance values (RGV) of other countries revealed PCB concentrations in Havana soils far below these RGV. In contrast, some concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, the most carcinogenic PAH, in agricultural and park soils in Havana exceeded some RGV. Thus, some public parks pose a risk according to the Canadian quality guidelines when people have direct contact with these soils but not if they were consuming products thereof.

  相似文献   

Piping and erodibility of loessic soils in Bergisches Land,Nordrhein‐Westfalen     

Johannes Botschek  Simone Krause  Thekla Abel  Armin Skowronek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(2):241-246

In soils derived from loess on a range land site in the Rhenish Slate Mountains pipes were found at 120—190 cm depth above denser solifluction material. The pipes were 5—30 cm wide and 15—30 cm high. Various soil physical and chemical properties were determined and checked for their suitability as piping indicators. Silt contents reached 808 g kg^—1 in the piped soil sections where bulk densities were low to medium in comparison with clay rich and denser horizons beneath. Aggregate stabilities indicated by dispersion features, percolation rates, and dispersion ratios were suitable parameters to indicate piping vulnerability. Organic carbon contents tended to be low in the piped horizons, but there was no relationship between base saturation, ESP or EC values, and piping in the investigated soils.  相似文献   

Estuarine eutrophication in the UK: current incidence and future trends     

Gerald Maier  Rebecca J. Nimmo‐Smith  Gillian A. Glegg  Alan D. Tappin  Paul J. Worsfold 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2009,19(1):43-56

• 1. Increased inputs of nutrients to estuaries can lead to undesirable effects associated with eutrophication, including algal blooms, changes in species composition and bottom anoxia. Several estuaries and coastal areas around the UK have increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, elevated concentrations of chlorophyll a and changes in algal community composition and abundance. This paper reviews the pressures that lead to high nutrient concentrations in estuaries and considers the likely effectiveness of current and proposed regulatory actions.
• 2. The main sources of nutrients to estuaries are river runoff, sewage discharges, atmospheric inputs and possibly submarine groundwater discharges, although little is known about the latter. Significant reductions in N and P inputs have been realized following application of the EU's Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Atmospheric NO_x and NH_x emissions have also decreased and are expected to decrease further in the next decade as implementation of existing legislation continues, and new controls are introduced for activities such as shipping.
• 3. Agricultural inputs reach estuaries principally through diffuse sources, either in surface water (and in some areas possibly groundwater) or, for N, via the atmosphere. Over 10 years ago the Nitrates Directive was introduced to tackle the problem of N discharges from agriculture but little change in N loads to estuaries has been recorded.
• 4. To meet the aims of the EU Water Framework Directive, for at least ‘good’ ecological status, more rigorous application and implementation of the Nitrates Directive, together with changes in the Common Agriculture Policy and farming practice are likely to be needed. Even then, the slow response of the natural environment to change and the inherent variability of estuaries means that their responses may not be as predicted. Research is needed into the relationship between policy drivers and environmental responses to ensure actions taken will achieve the planned results.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Application of gypsum and lime to increase cation adsorption of a Geric Ferralsol in the Brazilian Amazon region     

Cord Fahrenhorst  Johannes Botschek  Armin Skowronek  Joo Ferraz 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1999,162(1):41-49

A Brazil-nut plantation 140 km east of Manaus was the site of a 3-month field trial, in which a by-product gypsum and a lime were compared. The soil properties in the plantation, 23 years after slash-and-burn, are not basically different from the remaining primary forest. The comparison is impeded by a distinct spatial variability of the soil nutrient content within the plantation. A linkage between Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC) and sulfate content of the soil is presumed. Gypsum-application increases the exchangeable Ca considerably, which is not an effect of Al-exchange, but of newly created adsorption sites. The potential of gypsum to increase the ECEC corresponds on a 1:1 basis with the potential for sulfate adsorption in the soil. Mg and nitrate are strongly leached after gypsum application. The applied, extremely fine ground lime has almost no effects below 5—10 cm depth. Ca, Mg and, to a lesser extent, K exhibit a much enhanced adsorption when applied as sulfate instead of chloride. All three cations are preferentially adsorbed in the subsoil, where the ECEC is only half the value of the upper soil. For fertilization concepts of those soils, the subsoil deserves much greater attention. The infiltration pattern of an organic dye gives evidence of a strong influence of bypass water flow through macropores in the soil.  相似文献   

Definition of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies against porcine CD45 and CD45R: report from the CD45/CD45R and CD44 subgroup of the Second International Swine CD Workshop     

Federico A. Zuckermann  Christina Peavey  William M. Schnitzlein  Daniel Schabacker  Robert J. Husmann  Huaizhi Yang  Armin Saalmü  ller  Joan K. Lunney 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1998,60(3-4):367-387

Swine cell binding analyses of a set of 48 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including eleven standards, assigned to the CD44 and CD45 subset group of the Second International Swine CD Workshop yielded 13 clusters. Although none of these corresponded to CD44, seven mAbs formed a cluster which was identified as being specific for restricted epitopes of CD45 (CD45R). In addition, a T-cell subset specific cluster comprised of four mAbs was also identified. Two mAbs (STH106 and SwNL 554.1) reacted exclusively with CD8 bright lymphocytes, the other two (2B11 and F01G9) with a subset of CD4 lymphocytes. The other 10 clusters were either specific for MHC-class I like molecules or overlapped with clusters identified by the adhesion molecule subgroup and are therefore just briefly discussed in this report. The specificity of all the mAbs in the CD45R cluster was verified by their ability to immunoprecipitate distinct proteins and to react with CHO cells expressing individual isoforms of CD45. Three CD45R mAbs (3a56, MIL5, −a2) did react with a 210 kDa isoform(s), while another three (STH267, FG2F9, 6E3/7) only recognized a 226 kDa isoform(s). The remaining one (MAC326) precipitated both a 210 and 226 kDa protein. The specificity of all the mAbs in the CD45R cluster, and of the CD45 common mAbs, was confirmed by their reactivity with CHO cells transfected with cDNAs encoding the extracellular and transmembrane portions of distinct CD45R isoforms. Those mAbs recognizing a 210 kDa protein reacted with CHO cells expressing the CD45RC isoform, while those capable of precipitating a 226 kDa, but not the 210 kDa, polypeptide recognized CHO cells expressing either the CD45RAC and the relatively rare CD45RA isoform. MAC326 was unique in its inability to react with CHO cells engineered to produce the CD45RC and CD45RAC isoforms. Thus, three mAbs (6E3/7, STH267, and FG2F9) appear to be specific for an epitope(s) encoded by the A exon, while one (MAC326) recognizes a determinant encoded by the C exon. The remaining three mAbs (3a56, −a2, MIL5) are apparently specific for an epitope(s) which results from the fusion of the C exon to the invariant leader sequence and is destroyed by inclusion of the A exon. All three CD45 common mAbs, K252.1E4, MAC323 and 74.9.3, did react with the CHO cells lines expressing either the CD45RA, CD45RC, CD45RAC or CD45RO isoforms, but not with untransfected CHO cells. When the natural expression of CD45 isoforms was examined by reacting lymphocytes with CD45R mAbs, a high level expression of isoforms containing the A exon-generated domain was detected in all B cells while the majority of CD4⁺ T cells had undetectable or lower expression density of this protein than B cells. In contrast, the density of expression of the CD45 isoform(s) containing the C exon-generated domain ranged from undetectable to high in CD4⁺ T cells whereas the amounts were approximately ten-fold lower in B cells. Overall this panel of CD45 mAbs will be very useful in analyzing the maturation and differentiation of swine lymphoid cells subsets.  相似文献