Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi     

Philipp Olias  Anne Meyer  Robert Klopfleisch  Michael Lierz  Bernd Kaspers  Achim D Gruber 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):10

Pigeon protozoal encephalitis (PPE) is an emerging central-nervous disease of domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) reported in Germany and the United States. It is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis calchasi which is transmitted by Accipter hawks. In contrast to other members of the Apicomplexa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, the knowledge about the pathophysiology and host manipulation of Sarcocystis is scarce and almost nothing is known about PPE. Here we show by mRNA expression profiling a significant down-modulation of the interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18/interferon (IFN)-γ axis in the brains of experimentally infected pigeons during the schizogonic phase of disease. Concomitantly, no cellular immune response was observed in histopathology while immunohistochemistry and nested PCR detected S. calchasi. In contrast, in the late central-nervous phase, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-related cytokines were significantly up-modulated, which correlated with a prominent MHC-II protein expression in areas of mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis. The mononuclear cell fraction was mainly composed of T-lymphocytes, fewer macrophages and B-lymphocytes. Surprisingly, the severity and composition of the immune cell response appears unrelated to the infectious dose, although the severity and onset of the central nervous signs clearly was dose-dependent. We identified no or only very few tissue cysts by immunohistochemistry in pigeons with severe encephalitis of which one pigeon repeatedly remained negative by PCR despite severe lesions. Taken together, these observations may suggest an immune evasion strategy of S. calchasi during the early phase and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction as cause of the extensive cerebral lesions during the late neurological phase of disease.  相似文献   

Molekulargenetische Analyse des ‘Maschanzker’/‘Borsdorfer’‐Sortenkomplexes     

Alberto Storti  Hans–Joachim Bannier  Christian Holler  Bernd Kajtna  Thomas Rühmer  Alois Wilfling  Claudio Soldavini  Josef Dalla Via  Sanja Baric 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2013,55(3-4):99-107

‘Maschanzker’ is one of the best-known old apple cultivars in Austria and in the 19th century this variety also played an important role in the fruit production of South Tyrol (Northern Italy). ‘Maschanzker’ is believed to originate from one of the oldest German apple vari­eties ‘Borsdorfer’, which is even considered a synonym. However, since the denomination ‘Maschanzker’ is part of the name of a number of more or less similar types of apple, this study aimed at investigating the synonymy and homonymy as well as the relationships within and between different accessions of ‘Maschanzker’, ‘Borsdorfer’ and ‘Edelborsdorfer’ by employing 14 microsatellite DNA markers. A total of 38 accessions from several collections in Europe were analysed and 14 different genotypes were identified, which were assigned to three groups. Our data suggest a series of parent-offspring connections within the here defined Maschanzker group and the Edelborsdorfer group, while no closer relationship was evident to or among the accessions of the Borsdorfer group. Molecular genetic analyses thus provide fundamental data which can serve as a basis for the pomological revision of the ‘Maschanzker’/‘Borsdorfer’ cultivar complex.  相似文献   

An in vivo equine forelimb model for short-term recording of peak isometric force in the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles     

Zarucco L  Swanstrom MD  Driessen B  Hawkins D  Hubbard M  Steffey EP  Stover SM 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2003,32(5):439-450

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test an experimental model for in vivo short-term recording of peak isometric forces of the digital flexor muscles in the forelimb of adult horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Four healthy, anesthetized, adult Thoroughbred horses (3 to 7 years old; 527 +/- 87 kg) METHODS: In dorsal recumbency, ulnar and median nerves were exposed and instrumented with insulated bipolar cuff stimulation electrodes for later connection to an electrical stimulator. In left lateral recumbency, a biplanar fixator was applied to the right humerus and a custom-made, rigid, aluminum frame connected to it, to allow loading of muscles distal to the fixator. Threaded transfixation pins through the radial and metacarpal condyles were clamped to the rigid frame so that the humerus, radius, ulna, and metacarpus were fixed in position. Each digital flexor muscle insertion tendon was transected just above the metacarpophalangeal joint, extracted from the carpal canal, and secured in a metal clamp positioned at the distal myotendinous (MT) junction. Distally, the clamp was connected in series to a load cell and a pneumatic actuator to record force and to maintain muscle length during nerve stimulation. A linear potentiometer was connected in parallel to the actuator to record MT junction position. Initial trials were conducted to identify median and ulnar nerve stimulation variables to achieve maximal muscle contraction. Isometric contractions were performed at different muscle lengths and peak forces registered during 3 seconds of supramaximal dual (ulnar and median) nerve stimulation. RESULTS: A stimulation voltage of 2.5 to 5.0 V at 50 Hz usually produced maximal force for both the superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles. Single ulnar and median nerve stimulation elicited force development not only in the DDF muscle but also in the SDF muscle. At voltages higher than 1 V, normalized force was greatest with combined median and ulnar nerve stimulation for both the DDF and SDF muscles; however, normalized force was greater for median nerve stimulation than ulnar nerve stimulation in the DDF muscle, and the opposite relationship was observed for the SDF muscle. Final recording of dual supramaximal nerve stimulation of SDF and DDF muscles resulted in peak isometric forces of 716 +/- 192 N and 1,577 +/- 203 N, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The instrumentation technique and experimental protocol enabled recording of peak isometric forces in the SDF and DDF muscles of anesthetized adult horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studies using this model will improve knowledge of SDF and DDF muscle mechanics with insight to functional implications of the complex architecture of these muscles. Knowledge of the dynamic performance of the SDF and DDF muscles would also be useful for the development of new treatment strategies for flexor deformities and tendon injuries in horses.  相似文献   

In Reply     

Bernd Driessen  Jonathan S. Jahr  Fedor Lurie  & Robert A. Gunther 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2001,24(6):448-450

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Strategien zur Vermeidung von Mykotoxinen im Getreide     

Gerhard Bartels  Bernd Rodemann 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2003,55(5):125-135

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Influence of femoral head and neck conformation on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog.     

Antje Wigger  Bernd Tellhelm  Martin Kramer  Heike Rudorf 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2008,49(3):243-248

We investigated the prevalence of an anatomic variant of the proximal femur, termed the broomstick-like femoral head and neck formation, and its influence on the Féderation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip dysplasia score in 294 German Shepherd dogs. One-hundred and eighty (61%) of the 294 dogs in our study had this anatomic variant. The calculated area of the femoral heads in dogs with a broomstick-like conformation was 4.5 +/- 0.6 cm2 on the hip-extended view. In dogs with a normal femoral head, the calculated area of the femoral head was significantly larger at 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 (P < 0.05). In the frog-leg view, there was no significant difference in femoral head area between dogs with the broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was no difference in the antetorsion angle between dogs with broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was also no difference in the distraction ratio between the two phenotypes. The official FCI hip score was similar in dogs with and without the broomstick-like conformation. The average heritability of the broomstick-like conformation was 0.3 +/- 0.1, suggesting heritable influence. We conclude that the broomstick-like conformation is a common finding in the German shepherd dog and has genetic base. The broomstick-like conformation does not appear to be associated with the presence of canine hip dysplasia and it can therefore be assumed to be a normal anatomic variant.  相似文献   

Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in sheep     

Nicolò Columbano  Antonio Scanu  Lauren Duffee  Valentino Melosu  Giovanni Sotgiu  Bernd Driessen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):487-495

Objective

To determine sevoflurane’s minimum alveolar concentration (MAC_SEVO) and its cardiopulmonary effects in sheep.

Study design

Prospective experimental study.

Animals

A group of 10 female nonpregnant Sardinian milk sheep.

Methods

Anesthesia was induced in each sheep twice with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 30 minute equilibration at end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (Fe?Sevo) of 2.8%, an electrical stimulus (5 Hz/1 ms/50 mA) was applied to the right thoracic limb for 1 minute or until gross purposeful movement occurred. The Fe?Sevo was then changed using a 0.2% up-and-down protocol, dependent on whether or not the response was positive, and then noxious stimulation was repeated. The MAC_SEVO was defined as the mean Fe?Sevo between that allowing purposeful movement and that not. The group of 10 sheep were re-anesthetized and MAC_SEVO was re-determined. Thereafter, Fe?Sevo was maintained for 15 minutes each at concentrations corresponding to 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 0.75 MAC_SEVO multiples, and cardiopulmonary, blood gas, acid-base variables and plasma electrolytes were determined. Also, time to induction of anesthesia, extubation and recovery were recorded.

Results

The mean ± standard deviation of the MAC_SEVO was 2.74 ± 0.38%. Median (interquartile range) time to intubation was 3.13 (2.98–3.33) minutes, time to extubation was 6.85 ± 2.65 minutes and time to recovery was 13.4 ± 5.2 minutes. With increasing Fe?Sevo, arterial blood pressures progressively decreased as did minute ventilation, which in turn caused end-tidal carbon dioxide, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate values to steadily increase without significantly affecting arterial partial pressure of oxygen.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The reported MAC_SEVO agrees with published data in this and other species. Administration of sevoflurane in sheep caused marked hemodynamic and respiratory depression, but soon after turning off the vaporizer, sheep could be extubated and recovered rapidly and event-free.  相似文献   

Computed tomographic analysis of the effects of two inspired oxygen concentrations on pulmonary aeration in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs     

Staffieri F  Franchini D  Carella GL  Montanaro MG  Valentini V  Driessen B  Grasso S  Crovace A 《American journal of veterinary research》2007,68(9):925-931

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of 2 concentrations of oxygen in inspired gas (fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO(2)] 1.0 or 0.4) on pulmonary aeration and gas exchange in dogs during inhalation anesthesia. ANIMALS: 20 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES: Following administration of acepromazine and morphine, anesthesia was induced in each dog with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen (100% group; n = 10) or a mixture of 40% oxygen and air (40% group; 10). Dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency and were mechanically ventilated. After surgery, spiral computed tomography (CT) of the thorax was performed and PaO(2), PaCO(2), and the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (P([A-a])O(2)) were assessed. The lung CT images were analyzed, and the extent of hyperinflated (-1,000 to -901 Hounsfield units [HUs]), normally aerated (-900 to -501 HUs), poorly aerated (-500 to -101 HUs), or nonaerated (-100 to +100 HUs) areas was determined. RESULTS: Compared with the 100% oxygen group, the normally aerated lung area was significantly greater and the poorly aerated and nonaerated areas were significantly smaller in the 40% oxygen group. The time to CT (duration of surgery) was similar in both groups. Although PaCO(2) was similar in both groups, PaO(2) and P((A-a))O(2) were significantly higher in the 100% oxygen group. In both groups, pulmonary atelectasis developed preferentially in caudal lung fields. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, mechanical ventilation with 40% oxygen appeared to maintain significantly better lung aeration and gas exchange than ventilation with 100% oxygen.  相似文献   

Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Elbert A  Haas M  Springer B  Thielert W  Nauen R 《Pest management science》2008,64(11):1099-1105

Neonicotinoid insecticides comprise seven commercially marketed active ingredients: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran. The technical profiles and main differences between neonicotinoid insecticides, including their spectrum of efficacy, are described: use for vector control, systemic properties and versatile application forms, especially seed treatment. New formulations have been developed to optimize the bioavailability of neonicotinoids through improved rain fastness, better retention and spreading of the spray deposit on the leaf surface, combined with higher leaf penetration. Combined formulations with pyrethroids and other insecticides are also being developed with the aim of broadening the insecticidal spectrum of neonicotinoids and to replace WHO Class I products from older chemical classes. These innovative developments for life-cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, will, within the next few years, turn neonicotinoids into the most important chemical class in crop protection.  相似文献   

Bulk Carbohydrate Grain Filling of Barley β‐Glucan Mutants Studied by 1H HR MAS NMR     

Helene Fast Seefeldt  Flemming Hofmann Larsen  Nanna Viereck  Bernd Wollenweber  S&#x;ren Balling Engelsen 《Cereal Chemistry》2008,85(4):571-577

Temporal and genotypic differences in bulk carbohydrate accumulation in three barley genotypes differing in the content of mixed linkage β‐(1→3),(1→4)‐D‐glucan (β‐glucan) and starch were investigated using proton high‐resolution, magic angle spinning, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H HR MAS NMR) during grain filling. For the first time, ¹H HR MAS NMR spectra of flour from immature barley seeds are analyzed. Spectral assignments are made using two‐dimensional (2D) NMR methods. Both α‐ and β‐glucan biosynthesis were characterized by inspection of the spectra as well as by calibration to the reference methods for starch and β‐glucan content. Starch was quantified with very good calibrations to the α‐(1→4) peak (5.29–5.40 ppm) and the region 3.67–3.83 ppm covering starch glycopyranosidic protons from H5 and H6. In contrast, the spectral inspection of the β‐anomeric region 4.45–4.85 ppm showed unexpected lack of intensity in the high β‐glucan mutant lys5f at seed maturity, resulting in poor calibration to reference β‐glucan content. We hypothesize that the lack of β‐glucan signal in lys5f indicates partial immobilization of the β‐glucan that appears to be either genotypic dependent or water/β‐glucan ratio dependent.  相似文献