Die Anwendung einer Checkliste zur Bewertung der Umsetzung des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes in den Demonstrationsbetrieben integrierter Pflanzenschutz im Ackerbau am Beispiel Mecklenburg-Vorpommern     

Marcel Peters  Bernd Freier  Felix Holst  Stephan Goltermann  Carmen Büttner 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2015,67(1):33-44

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Antitrypanosomal activity of polycarpol from Piptostigma preussi (Annonaceae)     

Igor Ngantchou  Ernestine Nkwengoua  Yves Nganso  Barthelemy Nyasse  Colette Denier  Veronique Hannaert  Bernd Schneider 《Fitoterapia》2009

Polycarpol, sitosterol and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside isolated for the first time from Piptostigma preussi (Annonaceae) occur regularly in some Annonaceae such as Piptostigma genus. Polycarpol exhibits interesting antitrypanosomal activity with an ED₅₀ value of 5.11 µM on Trypanosoma brucei cells. Moreover, it inhibits T. brucei glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and PFK with IC₅₀ values of 650 and 180 µM respectively.  相似文献   

Decomposition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) litter: Combining quality theory and 15N labelling experiments     

Remi d’Annunzio  Bernd Zeller  Manuel Nicolas  Jean-François Dhôte  Laurent Saint-André 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(2):322-333

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Stability analysis for grain yield of winter wheat in a long-term field experiment     

Janna Macholdt  Bernd Honermeier 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2019,65(5):686-699

The current study is based on a long-term field experiment that was conducted at the Rauischholzhausen field station of the University of Giessen (Germany). It includes six different crop rotation systems (CRSs), three mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments and the varying annual weather conditions (AWCs) over 25 years (1993–2017). To ensure new insight into wheat cropping systems that have high yield stability, the dataset was assessed using different methods of stability analysis, including eco-valence, biplot and risk analysis. The results show that the factors which influence grain yield variation in winter wheat can be ranked in the following order: (1) N fertilization; (2) AWC; and (3) CRS. Compared to winter rye as the preceding cereal crop, field bean as the preceding legume crop had a clearly positive effect on the grain yield stability of winter wheat. Furthermore, the higher N fertilization level led to more stable grain yields of winter wheat for all investigated CRSs. Overall, in this study, crop rotation and N fertilization had a high impact on the yield stability of winter wheat. These are important factors to consider in agronomic management decisions under the increasingly difficult environmental conditions caused by climate change.  相似文献   

Nutrient flows and balances in intensively managed vegetable production of two West African cities     

Edmund Kyei Akoto-Danso  Delphine Manka'abusi  Christoph Steiner  Steffen Werner  Volker Haering  Désiré J.-P. Lompo  George Nyarko  Bernd Marschner  Pay Drechsel  Andreas Buerkert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(2):229-243

This study reports and analyzes nutrient balances in experimental vegetable production systems of the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) over a two‐year period comprising thirteen and eleven crops, respectively. Nutrient‐use efficiency was also calculated. In Tamale and Ouagadougou, up to 2% (8 and 80 kg N ha^?1) of annually applied fertilizer nitrogen were leached. While biochar application or wastewater irrigation on fertilized plots did not influence N leaching in both cities, P and K leaching, as determined with ion‐absorbing resin cartridges, were reduced on biochar‐amended plots in Tamale. Annual nutrient balances amounted to +362 kg N ha^?1, +217 kg P ha^?1, and –125 kg K ha^?1 in Tamale, while Ouagadougou had balances of up to +692 kg N ha^?1, +166 kg P ha^?1, and –175 kg K ha^?1 y^?1. Under farmers' practice of fertilization, agronomic nutrient‐use efficiencies were generally higher in Tamale than in Ouagadougou, but declined in both cities during the last season. This was the result of the higher nutrient inputs in Ouagadougou compared to Tamale and relatively lower outputs. The high N and P surpluses and K deficits call for adjustments in local fertilization practices to enhance nutrient‐use efficiency and prevent risks of eutrophication.  相似文献   

Interactive influence of livestock grazing and manipulated rainfall on soil properties in a humid tropical savanna     

Okach  Daniel O.  Ondier  Joseph O.  Kumar  Amit  Rambold  Gerhard  Tenhunen  John  Huwe  Bernd  Otieno  Dennis 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(3):1088-1098

Purpose

The effect of uncontrolled grazing and unpredictable rainfall pattern on future changes in soil properties and processes of savanna ecosystems is poorly understood. This study investigated how rainfall amount at a gradient of 50%, 100%, and 150% would influence soil bulk density (ρ), volumetric water content (θ_v), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) contents in grazed (G) and ungrazed (U) areas.

Materials and methods

Rainfall was manipulated by 50% reduction (simulating drought—50%) and 50% increase (simulating abundance—150%) from the ambient (100%) in both G and U areas. Plots were named by combining the first letter of the area followed by rainfall amount, i.e., G150%. Samples for soil ρ, C, and N analysis were extracted using soil corer (8 cm diameter and 10 cm height). Real-time θ_v was measured using 5TE soil probes (20 cm depth). The EA2400CHNS/O and EA2410 analyzers were used to estimate soil C and N contents respectively.

Results and discussion

The interaction between grazing and rainfall manipulation increased θ_v and C but decreased N with no effect on ρ and C:N ratio. Rainfall reduction (50%) strongly affected most soil properties compared to an increase (150%). The highest (1.241?±?0.10 g cm^?3) and lowest (1.099?±?0.05 g cm^?3) ρ were in the G50% and U150% plots respectively. Soil θ_v decreased by 34.0% (grazed) and 25.8% (ungrazed) due to drought after rainfall cessation. Soil ρ increased with grazing due to trampling effect, therefore reducing infiltration of rainwater and soil moisture availability. Consequently, soil C content (11.45%) and C:N ratio (24.68%) decreased, whereas N increased (7.8%) in the grazed plots due to reduced C input and decomposition rate.

Conclusions

The combined effect of grazing and rainfall variability will likely increase soil θ_v, thereby enhancing C and N input. Grazing during drought will induce water stress that will destabilize soil C and N contents therefore affecting other soil properties. Such changes are important in predicting the response of soil properties to extreme rainfall pattern and uncontrolled livestock grazing that currently characterize most savanna ecosystems.

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How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Bernd Marschner  Sonja Brodowski  Alexander Dreves  Gerd Gleixner  Antje Gude  Pieter M. Grootes  Ute Hamer  Alexander Heim  Gerald Jandl  Rong Ji  Klaus Kaiser  Karsten Kalbitz  Christiane Kramer  Peter Leinweber  Janet Rethemeyer  Andreas Schffer  Michael W. I. Schmidt  Lorenz Schwark  Guido L. B. Wiesenberg 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(1):91-110

Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long‐term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water‐extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico‐chemical stabilization. Compound‐specific analysis of ¹³C : ¹²C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3‐C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40–50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low ¹⁴C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short‐term (60 d) and a long‐term (2 y) incubation experiment. This degradation was enhanced, when glucose was supplied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils generally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicating that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented results do not provide much evidence that the selective preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM‐stabilization mechanism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral‐associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C.  相似文献   

Chemistry. Nanosilver revisited downstream     

Nowack B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6007):1054-1055

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The Use of Positron Emission Tomography in Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients under Therapy with Trabectedin     

Bernd Kasper  Thomas Schmitt  Patrick Wuchter  Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss  Anthony D. Ho  Gerlinde Egerer 《Marine drugs》2009,7(3):331-340

Background

We used 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate the FDG uptake in patients with advanced and/or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) undergoing therapy with Ecteinascidin-743 (ET-743, Trabectedin, Yondelis™).

Patients and Methods

The pilot study included nine patients with metastatic STS receiving a minimum of one cycle of treatment with trabectedin. Patients were examined using PET prior to onset of therapy and after completion of one or three cycles of trabectedin. Restaging according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) was performed in parallel using computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and served for reference.

Results

Clinical outcome of nine evaluable patients was as follows: one patient with partial remission (PR), three patients with stable disease (SD), and five patients with progressive disease (PD). A more than 40% decrease of the standardized uptake value (SUV) of sequential PET examination could be demonstrated for the responding patient (PR), whereas patients with SD or PD showed a stable SUV, but no increase in SUV.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first small series of patients being treated with trabectedin and monitored using sequential PET imaging demonstrating SUV stabilization in nearly all monitored patients.  相似文献   

Apple proliferation resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus sieboldii</Emphasis>-based rootstocks in comparison to rootstocks derived from other <Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus</Emphasis> species     

Erich Seemüller  Eckard Moll  Bernd Schneider 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(2):109-119

In three trials carried out over a period of 24 years, open-pollinated seedlings of Malus sieboldii and M. sargentii and 22 apomictic rootstock selections with either M. sieboldii, M. sargentii or M. hupehensis in their parentage were examined for apple proliferation (AP) resistance in comparison to clonal M. x domestica-based rootstocks M 9, M 11, M 13, stocks of the B (Budagovski) and the Polish P series and M. robusta seedlings. Following experimental inoculation or natural infection the Golden Delicious-grafted trees on most of the M. sieboldii-derived progenies showed a high level of AP resistance expressed by low cumulative disease indices, a high percentage of non or little affected trees, low incidence of the small fruit symptom and non or little effect on vigour. Trees on M 9 and M 11, B 118 and M. robusta seedlings were moderately susceptible while trees on progenies with M. sargentii and M. hupehensis parentage, rootstocks of the P series, B 9, B 490 and M 13 proved highly susceptible. The screening also showed that rootstocks with M. sieboldii and M. sargentii parentage are often highly susceptible to latent apple viruses. Trees on most of the M. sieboldii-based progenies were more vigorous than trees on standard stock M 9, whereas the vigour of some progenies from selections with M. sargentii parentage was in the range of M 9 or even lower. Productivity was often correlated with the vigour.  相似文献