Comparative functional characterization of canine IgG subclasses     

Lisa M. Bergeron  Erin E. McCandless  Steve Dunham  Bill Dunkle  Yaqi Zhu  John Shelly  Sandra Lightle  Andrea Gonzales  Graeme Bainbridge 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2014,157(1-2):31-41

To date, very little is known about the functional characteristics of the four published canine IgG subclasses. It is not clear how each subclass engages the immune system via complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or how long each antibody may last in serum. Such information is critical for understanding canine immunology and for the discovery of canine therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Through both in vitro and ex vivo experiments to evaluate canine Fc's for effector function, complement binding, FcRn binding, and ADCC, we are now able to categorize canine subclasses by function. The subclasses share functional properties with the four human IgG subclasses and are reported herein with their function-based human analog. Canine Fc fusions, canine chimeras, and caninized antibodies were characterized. Canine subclasses A and D appear effector-function negative while subclasses B and C bind canine Fc gamma receptors and are positive for ADCC. All canine subclasses bind the neonatal Fc receptor except subclass C. By understanding canine IgGs in this way, we can apply what is known of human immunology toward translational and veterinary medicine. Thus, this body of work lays the foundation for evaluating canine IgG subclasses for therapeutic antibody development and builds upon the fundamental scholarship of canine immunology.  相似文献   

Is Drinking to Thirst a Prudent Guideline to Avoid Hyponatremia?     

Bill Aughton 《The Forestry Chronicle》2014,25(4):492-493

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More than a ‘blip’: The changed character of South‐East Asia’s engagement with the global economy in the post‐1997 period     

Bill Pritchard 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2006,47(3):311-326

Abstract: Through reviewing South‐East Asia’s recent economic engagement with the global economy, this paper points to profound recent transformations in the scope and character of the region’s development. Foreign direct investment was the key driver of regional growth in the pre‐1997 period, yet currently, the region faces a more difficult and multifaceted economic arena from which to attract such funds. Foreign direct investment is more selective, both geographically and by sector, than was the case in that earlier period. This paper explains the confluence of economics, business practices and politics that are giving rise to these outcomes, and concludes from this that development trajectories in South‐East Asia will become more diverse between the countries of the region, with implications for how we understand regional economic performance.  相似文献   

Voyager measurements of hydrogen Lyman-α diffuse emission from the Milky Way     

Lallement R  Quémerais E  Bertaux JL  Sandel BR  Izmodenov V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6063):1665-1669

Doppler-shifted hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Lyα) emission from galaxies is currently measured and used in cosmology as an indicator of star formation. Until now, the Milky Way emission has not been detected, owing to far brighter local sources, including the H (hydrogen) glow, i.e., solar Lyα radiation backscattered by interstellar atoms that flow within the solar system. Because observations from the Voyager spacecraft, now leaving the heliosphere, are decreasingly affected by the H glow, the ultraviolet spectrographs are detecting Lyα diffuse emission from our Galaxy. The surface brightness toward nearby star-forming regions is about 3 to 4 rayleighs. The escape fraction of the radiation from the brightest H II regions is on the order of 3% and is highly spatially variable. These results will help in constraining models of Lyα radiation transfer in distant galaxies.  相似文献   

Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Day JW  Boesch DF  Clairain EJ  Kemp GP  Laska SB  Mitsch WJ  Orth K  Mashriqui H  Reed DJ  Shabman L  Simenstad CA  Streever BJ  Twilley RR  Watson CC  Wells JT  Whigham DF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5819):1679-1684

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita showed the vulnerability of coastal communities and how human activities that caused deterioration of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain (MDP) exacerbated this vulnerability. The MDP formed by dynamic interactions between river and coast at various temporal and spatial scales, and human activity has reduced these interactions at all scales. Restoration efforts aim to re-establish this dynamic interaction, with emphasis on reconnecting the river to the deltaic plain. Science must guide MDP restoration, which will provide insights into delta restoration elsewhere and generally into coasts facing climate change in times of resource scarcity.  相似文献   

The energy research imperative     

Gates B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6058):877

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Marcy: A chipping variety with resistance to common scab and the golden nematode     

Walter S. De Jong  Donald E. Halseth  Bill B. Brodie  Keith L. Perry  Joseph B. Sieczka  Barbara J. Christ  Gregory A. Porter  Ken M. Paddock  Michael W. Peck  Robert L. Plaisted 《American Journal of Potato Research》2006,83(2):189-193

‘Marcy’ is a white-skinned, white-fleshed potato cultivar notable for its high yield, good chip color, and resistance to common scab and race Ro1 of the golden cyst nematode. It was selected from a cross made at Cornell University in 1990 between ‘Atlantic’ and Q155-3. Full-season marketable yields of Marcy have averaged 15% to 20% greater than Atlantic in 83 trials across New York, Maine, and Pennsylvania. Specific gravity of Marcy has averaged 0.008 less than Atlantic. Chip color out of 7 C storage in New York has been similar to ‘Pike’, but not as light as ‘Snowden’. Marcy tubers have an attractive oval shape, shallow eyes, and highly textured skin. Marcy was jointly released by the New York and Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2002.  相似文献   

Comparative efficiency of moxidectin gel or ivermectin paste for cyathostome control in young horses     

Craig R. Reinemeyer DVM  PhD  Bill C. Clymer PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2002,22(1):33

Thirty-six young horses were allocated to three similar groups. Horses in Group 1 were treated with moxidectin gel on Days 0, 90, and 180, Group 2 horses received ivermectin paste on Days 0, 60, 120, and 180, and horses in Group 3 were untreated controls. All horses were maintained on a common pasture for the first 180 days. Immediately after the final scheduled deworming, each group was moved to a separate, clean pasture where it remained until Day 360. At monthly intervals, fecal egg counts, body weights, body condition scores, and pasture larval counts were measured. The cumulative costs of both deworming regimens were calculated. Young horses treated three times at 90-day intervals with moxidectin gel had significantly lower monthly fecal egg counts than untreated controls from Days 30 through 300. Horses given ivermectin paste four times at 60-day intervals had significantly lower egg counts than controls 30 days after each treatment and 60 days after the third dose. Average daily gains of treated horses were significantly greater than controls from Days 120 through 360 (moxidectin) and from Days 210 through 360 (ivermectin). Quarterly moxidectin treatments reduced egg counts more effectively and cost less than ivermectin given bimonthly.  相似文献   

Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in persistently infected cattle and BVDV subtypes in affected cattle in beef herds in south central United States          下载免费PDF全文

Robert W. Fulton  Evan M. Whitley  Bill J. Johnson  Julia F. Ridpath  Sanjay Kapil  Lurinda J. Burge  Billy J. Cook  Anthony W. Confer 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2009,73(4):283-291

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in persistently infected (PI) cattle in beef breeding herds was determined using 30 herds with 4530 calves. The samples were collected by ear notches and tested for BVDV antigens using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE). Animals with initial positives on both IHC and ACE were sampled again using both tests and serums were collected for viral propagation and sequencing of a viral genomic region, 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) for viral subtyping. Samples were also collected from the dams of PI calves. There were 25 PI calves from 4530 samples (0.55%) and these PI calves were from 5 of the 30 herds (16.7%). Two herds had multiple PI calves and 3 herds had only 1 PI calf. Only 1 of the 25 dams with a PI calf was also PI (4.0%). The subtype of all the PI isolates was BVDV1b. Histories of the ranches indicated 23 out of 30 had herd additions of untested breeding females. Twenty-four of the 30 herds had adult cowherd vaccinations against BVDV, primarily using killed BVDV vaccines at pregnancy examination.  相似文献   

Waste excretion characteristics of Manila clams (Tapes philippinarum) under different temperature conditions     

Songming Zhu  Brooks Saucier  James Durfey  Shulin Chen  Bill Dewey 《Aquacultural Engineering》1999,20(4):317-244

Water recirculating systems have been used in the shellfish industry for depuration and wet-storage. Knowledge of shellfish excretion characteristics is critical to recirculating system design. In this study, the excretion rate of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) from Manila clams (Tapes philippinarum) were investigated under both laboratory and commercial conditions. The laboratory tests were conducted under temperatures ranging from 3 to 30°C. The experimental results showed that temperature was a key factor in determining the excretion rate of all the above parameters. The relationship between TAN excretion rate (R_TAN) and temperature (T) can be represented by an exponential function (R_TAN=0.57×1.25^T). For the temperature range between 3 and 20°C, the daily mean excretion rates of TAN, TKN and BOD₅ ranged between 1.5–46.1, 4.8–131.0 and 57.4–219.4 mg per kilogram of the clams (wet weight with shell on), respectively. There were linear correlations between TAN, TKN and BOD₅ production rates. The data presented in this paper can be used to estimate waste generation from a given shellfish processing operation and to size the waste treatment components for a recirculating depuration (or wet-storage) system.  相似文献