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The development of cost-effective and digestible formulated diets is essential for the commercialisation of spiny lobster aquaculture. Large juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii (115 g), were used to measure the apparent digestibility of formulated diets with six different carbohydrate sources, three levels of gelatinised starch, three types of binder, and two ranges of particle size of fishmeal. Carbohydrate source, inclusion level and binder type all had a significant effect on the dry matter digestibility (ranging 61–79%) of formulated diets for J. edwardsii. The digestibility of the carbohydrates included at 35% by dry weight were: dextrin (99%), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC; ~ 94%), native wheat starch (91%), gelatinised maize starch (84%), native potato (60%) and maize (59%) starches. Gelatinised maize starch inclusion level (ranging from 15% to 55% by dry weight) was negatively correlated with starch digestibility (ranging from 92% to 79% respectively). Dry matter digestibility of the diets was improved by using gelatine (73%) instead of alginate (68%) and agar (61%) as a binder. Nitrogen digestibility (ranging 82–89%) did not differ significantly among diets. Reducing the particle size distribution of the fishmeal from < 500 µm to < 106 µm did not improve digestibility. The results indicate that using digestible carbohydrate sources (dextrin, CMC, and native wheat starch) for energy, reducing the inclusion level of gelatinised starch, and using CMC or gelatine as binders improve the apparent digestibility of formulated diets. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the use of more soluble and pre-hydrolysed protein sources in diets for J. edwardsii may greatly improve digestibility which is critical in these spiny lobsters where overall food intake is limited. 相似文献
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Drinkine J Lopes P Kennedy JA Teissedre PL Saucier C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(15):6292-6299
Condensed tannins are responsible for astringency and bitterness and participate in the color stability of red wines. During wine making and aging, they undergo chemical changes including, for example, acetaldehyde-induced polymerization. Following this study, the ethylidene-bridged flavan-3-ols were monitored in different vintage wines made from grapes collected in the same vineyard in three wineries in Bordeaux, Pauillac, and Saint Julien. Flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges were quantified by wine 2,2'-ethylidenediphloroglucinol (EDP) phloroglucinolysis. This method was based upon the analysis of EDP, a product formed after acid-catalyzed cleavage of wine flavan-3-ols in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. The flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges were then compared to flavan-3-ol contents (phloroglucinolysis), phenolic contents, and color measurements. Low amounts of flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges (0.8-2.5 mg L(-1)) were quantified in wines. Flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges represent less than 4% of flavan-3-ol bonds, but the proportion of these linkages relative to native interflavan bonds increased with wine age. This proportion correlated with pigmented polymers. 相似文献
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Drinkine J Lopes P Kennedy JA Teissedre PL Saucier C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(4):1109-1116
A method was developed to determine the amount of ethylidene-bridged flavan-3-ols in wine. The method was based upon the analysis of 2,2'-ethylidenediphloroglucinol (EDP), a product formed after acid-catalyzed cleavage of wine flavan-3-ols in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. In the developed analytical method, the wine was purified and concentrated using C18 solid-phase extraction before the phloroglucinolysis reaction was carried out. This procedure was used to quantify ethylidene-bridged flavan-3-ols in wine and the molar ratio between ethylidene-bridged linkages and native interflavan linkages. The method validation showed 9.2% repeatability. The recovery of the ethylidene-bridged flavanols in wine was 90% for concentrations up to 4.5 mg.L-1 of ethylidene-bridged linkages, and it decreases to 83% above and until the concentration reached 7.6 mg.L-1. Initial results showed that the concentration of ethylidene-bridged flavan-3-ols measured in wines was very low (less than 1.3 mg.L-1) and that they represented less than 1.3% of the total interflavonoid linkages on a molar ratio. 相似文献
24.
Geny L Saucier C Bracco S Daviaud F Glories Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(27):8051-8054
Cell walls were isolated from seeds of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.), and proanthocyanidin composition was determined over the course of ripening for different levels of vine water status. During the ripening period the tannins from the cell walls were always more polymerized than those from the inner part of the cell. At maturity this difference becomes more significant compared to véraison, due to a significant increase in the mean degree of polymerization of the cell wall tannins. The tannin composition was typical of grape seed tannins and was quite similar in the two cell fractions studied, but the epicatechin gallate proportion was significantly higher in the cell wall fraction. There were no significant effects of water deficit on composition and polymerization of seed tannins. 相似文献
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Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kiss EA Vonarbourg C Kopfmann S Hobeika E Finke D Esser C Diefenbach A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6062):1561-1565
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Madountsap T. Nadège Louis Zapfack Noiha N. Valery Chimi D. Cedric Tajeukem V. Clotèxe Tchoupou V. Mireil 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2017,36(1):65-75
The environmental degradation of the western region of Cameroon has intensified over time and has contributed to the perturbation of the original floristic uniformity of pioneer vegetation. Epiphytes, which are very sensitive plants, have refuge mostly on phorophyte, hence permitting the evaluation of the conservation state of natural ecosystems. The present study aims to assess a floristic inventory of vascular epiphytes in the locality of Bamelo. Sampling was carried out on 100 individuals, 20 individuals for each of the five phorophyte species based on their abundance in the locality. A total of 36 species divided into eight families and 19 genera were recorded. Monocotyledons were the most abundant with 58.33% of community and represented only by the Orchidaceae family; pteridophytes and dicotyledons represent 22.22 and 19.44%, respectively. Persea amercina and Cola anomala were the most diversified phorophytes (19 species); Dacryodes edulis was the least diversified (eight). The principal component analysis revealed affinities between the epiphytic flora of Dacryodes edulis and Persea americana; Croton macrostachyus and Spathodea campanulata. At a time where the degradation of biodiversity occurs at an alarming rate, the conservation of such species becomes problematic. In view of the present results, epiphytes found refuge on fruit trees in plantations. 相似文献
29.
Tutt CL Van Amstel SR van der Linde MJ Reyers F Jacobson LS 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(12):1542-1548
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical response of sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium to treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). ANIMALS: 32 Merino crossbred sheep. PROCEDURES: 16 sheep were infected with E ruminantium; 8 of these were treated twice daily with a 10% solution of DMSO (1 g/kg, i.v.) in polyionic fluid for 3 consecutive days. Treatment was initiated 2 days after the onset of clinical disease. Eight uninfected control sheep were similarly treated with DMSO. Placebo treatments (polyionic fluid administrations) were given to 8 infected and 8 uninfected sheep. Arterial and venous blood samples for blood gas and total plasma protein concentration measurements were collected daily (data from 5 days before until 6 days after onset of clinical disease were analyzed); physiologic variables and food consumption were also monitored. Gross pathologic findings and cytologic confirmation of the disease were recorded for the 16 infected sheep. RESULTS: Infected sheep treated with DMSO were able to maintain pulmonary gas exchange and had reduced pleural effusion and plasma protein loss, compared with infected untreated sheep that became hypoxic. Infected treated sheep developed an uncompensated metabolic acidosis. Uninfected treated sheep had reduced appetite, whereas uninfected untreated sheep maintained normal food intake. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of DMSO treatment in sheep with experimentally induced heartwater disease indicated that administration of this agent, in combination with specific antimicrobial treatment, may be of some benefit in treatment of naturally occurring disease. 相似文献
30.
Identification of digestible carbohydrate sources for inclusion in formulated diets for juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Carbohydrates are a key ingredient in crustacean formulated diets because of their potential to greatly improve production efficiency. For the culture of spiny lobsters where daily food intake is limited, carbohydrates have the potential for delivering a low cost source of energy that could spare protein for growth. Therefore, the digestibility of different carbohydrate sources including refined sugars, mussel glycogen, algal polysaccharides, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starches (i.e., native, dextrinised, gelatinised) were assessed in juvenile spiny lobster (30–60 g). This was done by measuring the rate of carbohydrate hydrolysis in vitro using enzyme homogenates and postprandial haemolymph glucose concentrations following ingestion of semi-purified diets containing different carbohydrate levels and sources. Fresh mussel gonads and a practical formulated diet were also included for comparison. Storage polysaccharides (i.e., gelatinised starches, dextrin, mussel glycogen) and the structural polysaccharide CMC were the best digested carbohydrate sources in vitro. CMC was more digestible than the algal polysaccharides, agar and alginate, and therefore may have potential as a binding agent in formulated diets for J. edwardsii. The poor hydrolysis of sucrose and trehalose suggests that their use as an energy source might be limited in J. edwardsii. Native wheat starch was the best digested among the various plant starches tested. Gelatinisation of starches markedly improved their digestibility suggesting that pre-treatment of the dietary starch source would have a beneficial influence on the digestibility of diets for J. edwardsii. Consumption of the semi-purified diets (i.e., 1% BW) containing the digestible starch sources (i.e., 27% dry weight), as well as the practical diet, resulted in high haemolymph glucose concentrations (> 5 mmol l− 1) and a prolonged hyperglycaemic response (> 24 h) suggesting that these carbohydrate sources are well digested and absorbed, but possibly poorly utilised. In contrast, the fresh mussel gonad diet (i.e., 27% glycogen by dry weight) appeared to be better utilised (reduced glycaemia after 12 h). A lower inclusion level (i.e., 7%) of gelatinised maize starch reduced the peak (1.87 mmol l− 1) and extent (12 h) of the glycaemic response. Using lower inclusion levels (< 27%) of the rapidly digested starches (i.e., gelatinised, dextrinised) identified in this study, or incorporating digestible carbohydrate sources resulting in slower appearance of haemolymph glucose (i.e., native wheat starch, CMC), in formulated diets may have the potential to improve their utilisation for growth of juvenile spiny lobsters. 相似文献