Effect of Trichoderma viride pre-inoculation in pine species with different levels of susceptibility to Fusarium circinatum: physiological and hormonal responses     

J. Amaral  G. Pinto  J. A. Flores-Pacheco  J. J. Díez-Casero  A. Cerqueira  P. Monteiro  A. Gómez-Cadenas  A. Alves  J. Martín-García 《Plant pathology》2019,68(9):1645-1653

Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum, affects Pinus species worldwide. Although no effective solutions have yet been found to control it, there is a growing interest in using biological control agents (BCA) such as Trichoderma to avoid the application of chemical-based products. Using species with an increasing level of susceptibility to PPC (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma viride pre-inoculation on disease development, assessing several physiological and hormonal parameters. A 2-week period elapsed between T. viride and F. circinatum inoculation. Sampling for each species was performed independently when at least 50% of the plants of one of the inoculated groups developed disease symptoms. Fusarium circinatum infection reduced water status and photosynthesis, but increased proline, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid concentrations in plants of P. radiata and P. pinaster with symptoms; while in P. pinea water relations were maintained and anthocyanin accumulation occurred in the presence of F. circinatum. In P. radiata, T. viride pre-inoculation accelerated disease progression, with some PPC-induced responses augmented (decreased water potential and photosynthesis; increased substomatal CO₂ concentration) and novel changes not found in seedlings inoculated exclusively with F. circinatum (increased electrolyte leakage and salicylic acid; decreased relative water content). This suggests that T. viride may be initially recognized as an invading organism, subverting the plant defence mechanisms for successful root colonization. If seedlings are not allowed to recover from this state, pathogen infection may thus be facilitated, highlighting the importance of application timing in BCA strategies.  相似文献   

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker     

J. Martín-García  R. Zas  A. Solla  S. Woodward  J. Hantula  E. J. Vainio  M. Mullett  C. Morales-Rodríguez  A. Vannini  P. Martínez-Álvarez  G. Pinto  A. Alves  J. Amaral  M. J. Wingfield  G. Fourie  E. T. Steenkamp  R. Ahumada  B. Šerá  A. V. Sanz-Ros  R. Raposo  M. Elvira-Recuenco  E. Iturritxa  T. R. Gordon  J. J. Diez 《Plant pathology》2019,68(5):843-860

Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease-free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.  相似文献   

Biogenic Amines and the Antioxidant Capacity of Juice and Wine from Brazilian Hybrid Grapevines     

Gomez  Hector Alonzo Gomez  Marques  Marcia Ortiz Mayo  Borges  Cristine Vanz  Minatel  Igor Otavio  Monteiro  Gean Charles  Ritschel  Patricia Silva  Zanus  Mauro Celso  Diamante  Marla Silvia  Kluge  Ricardo Alfredo  Lima  Giuseppina Pace Pereira 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2020,75(2):258-264

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Some biogenic amines (BAs) are used as quality markers in grape-derived products. The prolife of 9 BAs was determined in juices and wines elaborated from hybrid...  相似文献   

Genetic progress of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines for disease resistance     

Natália Botega Alves  Marcio Balestre  João Paulo Pennacchi  Monique Caroline Nunes Fernandes  Douglas Goulart Castro  Flávia Barbosa Silva Botelho 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(5):853-861

The rice crop is affected by diseases throughout its cycle, impacting negatively on grain yield and quality. The control of the disease impact can be accomplished via crop breeding, using highly multiple resistant genotypes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of multiple-character and specific selection of multiple resistance to major culture-associated diseases (neck blast, leaf scald and grain discoloration) in rice lines of the Upland Rice Genetic Breeding Program. The experiments were conducted in 35 sites during 12 agricultural years, where 124 lines were evaluated for the severity of fungal diseases, under natural field conditions. Multiple parameters were calculated based on the diseases´ scores: genetic, phenotypic and environmental variances, heritability, selection gain, renewal rate, and genetic and renewal progress. Genetic variance for the disease resistance was identified in the population, and the selection gain for multiple-character selection was of 3.16 year⁻¹ throughout the breeding process with a renewal rate of over 35%. The programme has showed efficiency in selecting multiple resistant genotypes to the mentioned diseases, highlighting genotypes with high potential for market release.  相似文献   

Dwarf‐cashew resistance to whitefly (Aleurodicus cocois) linked to morphological and histochemical characteristics of leaves     

Elaine SS Goiana  Nivia S Dias‐Pini  Celli R Muniz  Arlete A Soares  James C Alves  Francisco C Vidal‐Neto  Cherre S Bezerra Da Silva 《Pest management science》2020,76(2):464-471

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Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to spinetoram: inheritance and cross‐resistance to spinosad     

Ewerton C Lira  Anderson Bolzan  Antonio RB Nascimento  Fernando SA Amaral  Rubens H Kanno  Ingrid S Kaiser  Celso Omoto 《Pest management science》2020,76(8):2674-2680

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‘Swingle’ citrumelo propagation by cuttings for citrus nursery tree production or inarching     

Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho  Eduardo Augusto GirardiHilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto 《Scientia Horticulturae》2009

‘Swingle’ citrumelo [Citrus paradisi MacFaden × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] has been extensively used as a rootstock in several citrus growing regions of the World, including Southern Brazil where ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) is still the predominant variety despite being affected by several important pathogens. In this case, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo is used to produce nursery trees to establish new orchards or to be inarched in adult and healthy groves in order to change the rootstock. We report herein a system to produce trees on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo more rapidly by budding onto non-rooted cuttings, as well as assessing potential to rapidly multiply ‘Swingle’ through rooting of non-budded cuttings. Therefore, two potential products are described: budded trees and rooted rootstock cuttings. ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] was budded at different heights on cuttings derived from eight-month old rootstocks. Grafted and additional non-budded cuttings were then treated with indole-3-butyric acid (500 mg L⁻¹) or left untreated before rooting. Three types of cuttings were evaluated: softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood. The use of nursery trees derived from pre-budded hardwood cuttings of ‘Swingle’ citrumelo is an alternative grafting method on this cultivar. Softwood cuttings with one leaf pair were considered the most adequate material for rapid multiplication of ‘Swingle’ citrumelo by cutting. This could be particularly useful for inarching production or conventional budding after transplant of cutting-derived rootstocks.  相似文献   

Genetic transformation of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin with hrpN gene from Erwinia amylovora and evaluation of the transgenic lines for resistance to citrus canker     

Janaynna Magalhães Barbosa-Mendes  Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho  Armando Bergamin Filho  Ricardo Harakava  Steven V. Beer  Beatriz Madalena Januzzi Mendes 《Scientia Horticulturae》2009

Transgenic Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Hamlin plants expressing the hrpN gene were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Towns) Conn-mediated transformation. hrpN encodes a harpin protein, which elicits the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance in plants. The gene construct consisted of gst1, a pathogen-inducible promoter, a signal peptide for protein secretion to the apoplast, the selection genes nptII or aacC1 and the Nos terminator. The function of gst1 in citrus was evaluated in transgenic C. sinensis cv. Valencia harboring the reporter gene uidA (gus) driven by this promoter. Histochemical analysis for gus revealed that gst1 is activated in citrus leaves by both wounding and inoculation with Xanthomonas axonopodis Starr and Garces pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Genetic transformation was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization in eight cv. Hamlin acclimatized plants. RT-PCR confirmed hrpN gene expression in seven cv. Hamlin transgenic lines before pathogen inoculation. Some hrpN transgenic lines showed severe leaf curling and abnormal growth. Six hrpN transgenic lines were propagated and evaluated for susceptibility to X. axonopodis pv. citri. RT-PCR confirmed gene expression in all six hrpN transgenic lines after pathogen inoculation. Several of the hrpN transgenic lines showed reduction in susceptibility to citrus canker as compared with non-transgenic plants. One hrpN transgenic line exhibited normal vegetative development and displayed very high resistance to the pathogen, estimated as up to 79% reduction in disease severity. This is the first report of genetic transformation of citrus using a pathogen-inducible promoter and the hrpN gene. Further evaluations of the transgenic plants under field conditions are planned. Nevertheless, the evidence to date suggests that the hrpN gene reduces the susceptibility of citrus plants to the canker disease.  相似文献