Complete genome sequence and lytic phase transcription profile of a Coccolithovirus   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Wilson WH  Schroeder DC  Allen MJ  Holden MT  Parkhill J  Barrell BG  Churcher C  Hamlin N  Mungall K  Norbertczak H  Quail MA  Price C  Rabbinowitsch E  Walker D  Craigon M  Roy D  Ghazal P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5737):1090-1092

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Comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in Bacillus anthracis     

Read TD  Salzberg SL  Pop M  Shumway M  Umayam L  Jiang L  Holtzapple E  Busch JD  Smith KL  Schupp JM  Solomon D  Keim P  Fraser CM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5575):2028-2033

Comparison of the whole-genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis isolated from a victim of a recent bioterrorist anthrax attack with a reference reveals 60 new markers that include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), inserted or deleted sequences, and tandem repeats. Genome comparison detected four high-quality SNPs between the two sequenced B. anthracis chromosomes and seven differences among different preparations of the reference genome. These markers have been tested on a collection of anthrax isolates and were found to divide these samples into distinct families. These results demonstrate that genome-based analysis of microbial pathogens will provide a powerful new tool for investigation of infectious disease outbreaks.  相似文献   

Mathematical modeling of planar cell polarity to understand domineering nonautonomy     

Amonlirdviman K  Khare NA  Tree DR  Chen WS  Axelrod JD  Tomlin CJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5708):423-426

Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling generates subcellular asymmetry along an axis orthogonal to the epithelial apical-basal axis. Through a poorly understood mechanism, cell clones that have mutations in some PCP signaling components, including some, but not all, alleles of the receptor frizzled, cause polarity disruptions of neighboring wild-type cells, a phenomenon referred to as domineering nonautonomy. Here, a contact-dependent signaling hypothesis, derived from experimental results, is shown by reaction-diffusion, partial differential equation modeling and simulation to fully reproduce PCP phenotypes, including domineering nonautonomy, in the Drosophila wing. The sufficiency of this model and the experimental validation of model predictions reveal how specific protein-protein interactions produce autonomy or domineering nonautonomy.  相似文献   

Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia     

Walsh T  McClellan JM  McCarthy SE  Addington AM  Pierce SB  Cooper GM  Nord AS  Kusenda M  Malhotra D  Bhandari A  Stray SM  Rippey CF  Roccanova P  Makarov V  Lakshmi B  Findling RL  Sikich L  Stromberg T  Merriman B  Gogtay N  Butler P  Eckstrand K  Noory L  Gochman P  Long R  Chen Z  Davis S  Baker C  Eichler EE  Meltzer PS  Nelson SF  Singleton AB  Lee MK  Rapoport JL  King MC  Sebat J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5875):539-543

Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder whose genetic influences remain elusive. We hypothesize that individually rare structural variants contribute to the illness. Microdeletions and microduplications >100 kilobases were identified by microarray comparative genomic hybridization of genomic DNA from 150 individuals with schizophrenia and 268 ancestry-matched controls. All variants were validated by high-resolution platforms. Novel deletions and duplications of genes were present in 5% of controls versus 15% of cases and 20% of young-onset cases, both highly significant differences. The association was independently replicated in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia as compared with their parents. Mutations in cases disrupted genes disproportionately from signaling networks controlling neurodevelopment, including neuregulin and glutamate pathways. These results suggest that multiple, individually rare mutations altering genes in neurodevelopmental pathways contribute to schizophrenia.  相似文献   

Isolation, characterization and biological evaluation of jellyfish collagen for use in biomedical applications     

Addad S  Exposito JY  Faye C  Ricard-Blum S  Lethias C 《Marine drugs》2011,9(6):967-983

Fibrillar collagens are the more abundant extracellular proteins. They form a metazoan-specific family, and are highly conserved from sponge to human. Their structural and physiological properties have been successfully used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the increase of jellyfish has led us to consider this marine animal as a natural product for food and medicine. Here, we have tested different Mediterranean jellyfish species in order to investigate the economic potential of their collagens. We have studied different methods of collagen purification (tissues and experimental procedures). The best collagen yield was obtained using Rhizostoma pulmo oral arms and the pepsin extraction method (2-10 mg collagen/g of wet tissue). Although a significant yield was obtained with Cotylorhiza tuberculata (0.45 mg/g), R. pulmo was used for further experiments, this jellyfish being considered as harmless to humans and being an abundant source of material. Then, we compared the biological properties of R. pulmo collagen with mammalian fibrillar collagens in cell cytotoxicity assays and cell adhesion. There was no statistical difference in cytotoxicity (p > 0.05) between R. pulmo collagen and rat type I collagen. However, since heparin inhibits cell adhesion to jellyfish-native collagen by 55%, the main difference is that heparan sulfate proteoglycans could be preferentially involved in fibroblast and osteoblast adhesion to jellyfish collagens. Our data confirm the broad harmlessness of jellyfish collagens, and their biological effect on human cells that are similar to that of mammalian type I collagen. Given the bioavailability of jellyfish collagen and its biological properties, this marine material is thus a good candidate for replacing bovine or human collagens in selected biomedical applications.  相似文献   

Stocktake study of current fertilisation recommendations across Europe and discussion towards a more harmonised approach     

Suzanne Higgins  Saskia D. Keesstra  Žydrė Kadziuliene  Lionel Jordan-Meille  David Wall  Alessandra Trinchera  Heide Spiegel  Taru Sandén  Andreas Baumgarten  Johannes L. Jensen  Juliane Hirte  Frank Liebisch  Susanne Klages  Philipp Löw  Katrin Kuka  Maarten De Boever  Karoline D'Haene  Sevinc Madenoglu  Hesna Özcan  Wieke Vervuurt  Janjo de Haan  Willem van Geel  Bo Stenberg  Pascal Denoroy  Rok Mihelič  Alar Astover  Raquel Mano  Cristina Sempiterno  Fatima Calouro  Giuseppe Valboa  Helena Aronsson  Tore Krogstad  Stanislav Torma  Jose Gabriel  Peter Laszlo  Nils Borchard  Bartosz Adamczyk  Anna Jacobs  Beata Jurga  Bożena Smreczak  Bruno Huyghebaert  Morgan Abras  Raimonds Kasparinskis  Eloise Mason  Claire Chenu 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13422

The European Commission has set targets for a reduction in nutrient losses by at least 50% and a reduction in fertiliser use by at least 20% by 2030 while ensuring no deterioration in soil fertility. Within the mandate of the European Joint Programme EJP Soil ‘Towards climate-smart sustainable management of agricultural soils’, the objective of this study was to assess current fertilisation practices across Europe and discuss the potential for harmonisation of fertilisation methodologies as a strategy to reduce nutrient loss and overall fertiliser use. A stocktake study of current methods of delivering fertilisation advice took place across 23 European countries. The stocktake was in the form of a questionnaire, comprising 46 questions. Information was gathered on a large range of factors, including soil analysis methods, along with soil, crop and climatic factors taken into consideration within fertilisation calculations. The questionnaire was completed by experts, who are involved in compiling fertilisation recommendations within their country. Substantial differences exist in the content, format and delivery of fertilisation guidelines across Europe. The barriers, constraints and potential benefits of a harmonised approach to fertilisation across Europe are discussed. The general consensus from all participating countries was that harmonisation of fertilisation guidelines should be increased, but it was unclear in what format this could be achieved. Shared learning in the delivery and format of fertilisation guidelines and mechanisms to adhere to environmental legislation were viewed as being beneficial. However, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to harmonise all soil test data and fertilisation methodologies at EU level due to diverse soil types and agro-ecosystem influences. Nevertheless, increased future collaboration, especially between neighbouring countries within the same environmental zone, was seen as potentially very beneficial. This study is unique in providing current detail on fertilisation practices across European countries in a side-by-side comparison. The gathered data can provide a baseline for the development of scientifically based EU policy targets for nutrient loss and soil fertility evaluation.  相似文献   

Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy and oral administration of meloxicam in laboratory housed rabbits     

Matthew C. Leach  Sandra Allweiler  Claire Richardson  John V. Roughan  Ruediger Narbe  Paul A. Flecknell 《Research in veterinary science》2009,87(2):336-347

This study aimed to develop a behaviour-based pain assessment system for rabbits following ovariohysterectomy. Behaviour was analysed to assess the severity and duration of pain induced and determine the effects of administration of meloxicam. The results suggest that pain associated with ovariohysterectomy induced changes in the frequency and duration of a number of behaviours. The most indicative was inactive pain behaviour, which was observed very infrequently prior to surgery compared to very frequently immediately following surgery. This strongly suggests that this increase is a direct response to the surgical pain and/or stress. The frequency of inactive pain behaviour also decreased over the four days post-surgery suggesting that pain is decreasing during this time. High dose meloxicam (initial 1 mg/kg followed 0.5 mg/kg/day) induced some degree of analgesia. However, higher doses of meloxicam or in combination with an opioid may be required to provide consistent analgesia in rabbits following soft-tissue surgery.  相似文献   

Equine Grass Sickness: Epidemiology,Diagnosis, and Global Distribution     

Claire E. Wylie  Chris J. Proudman 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》2009

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Neurologic Diseases in Llamas and Alpacas     

Claire E. Whitehead  Daniela Bedenice 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2009

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A comparison of total calcium,corrected calcium,and ionized calcium concentrations as indicators of calcium homeostasis among hypoalbuminemic dogs requiring intensive care     

Claire R. Sharp BSc  BVMS  Marie E. Kerl DVM  DACVIM  DACVECC  F.A. Mann DVM  MS  DACVS  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2009,19(6):571-578

Objective – (1) To evaluate whether total calcium (tCa) correlates with ionized calcium (iCa) in hypoalbuminemic dogs; (2) to evaluate whether calcium adjusted for albumin (Alb), or total protein (TP), or both accurately predict iCa concentrations and hence can be used to monitor calcium homeostasis in critically ill hypoalbuminemic dogs; and (3) to evaluate factors associated with any potential discrepancy in calcium classification between corrected total and ionized values. Design – Prospective observational clinical study. Setting – Small animal intensive care unit in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals – Twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with hypoalbuminemia. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – iCa was determined using ion‐specific electrode methodology, on heparinized plasma. The tCa concentration was adjusted for Alb and TP using published equations. In total 29% (8/28) of the hypoalbuminemic, critically ill dogs in this study were hypocalcemic at intensive care unit admission, as determined by iCa measurement. Corrected calcium values failed to accurately classify calcium status in 67.9% and 64.3% of cases, according to whether the Alb‐adjusted or TP‐adjusted values, respectively, were used. The sensitivity and specificity of the tCa to evaluate hypocalcemia was 100% and 47%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the correction formulae were 37.5% and 79% for the Alb‐adjusted values and 37.5% and 74% for TP‐adjusted values. tCa overestimated the presence of hypocalcemia and underestimated the presence of normocalcemia, while corrected calcium values overestimated the presence of normocalcemia and underestimated the presence of hypocalcemia. Conclusions – Calcium homeostasis in hypoalbuminemic critically ill dogs should be evaluated by iCa concentrations rather than tCa or calcium adjusted for Alb or TP. Given that tCa has 100% sensitivity for detecting hypocalcemia in this population it is recommended that all hypoalbuminemic and critically ill patients with low tCa should be evaluated with an iCa measurement.  相似文献