Defining output-based standards to achieve and maintain tuberculosis freedom in farmed deer, with reference to member states of the European Union     

Simon J. More  Angus R. Cameron  Matthias Greiner  Richard S. Clifton-Hadley  Sandra Correia Rodeia  Douwe Bakker  Mo D. Salman  J. Michael Sharp  Fabrizio De Massis  Alicia Aranaz  M. Beatrice Boniotti  Alessandra Gaffuri  Per Have  Didier Verloo  Michael Woodford  Martin Wierup 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,90(3-4):254-267

Within the European Union (EU), detailed legislation has been developed for cattle, but not deer, to minimise disease risks associated with trade in animals and animal products. This legislation is expressed as input-based standards, providing a detailed outline of the activity required (for example, testing of animals and application of defined control measures), on the expectation that an adequate output (for example, confidence in freedom) will be achieved. Input-based standards are at odds with the increasing shift towards output-based standards, particularly in OIE rules governing international trade. In this paper, we define output-based standards to achieve and maintain freedom from tuberculosis (TB) in farmed deer, with reference to EU member states. After considering the probability of freedom achieved for cattle under existing EU legislation, we defined a ‘free farmed deer holding’ as one with a probability of freedom from infection of at least 99%. We then developed an epidemiological model of TB surveillance systems for deer holdings, incorporating different surveillance strategies, including combinations of diagnostic tests, and a variety of different scenarios relating to the potential for introduction of infection. A range of surveillance strategies were identified to achieve and maintain a free farmed deer holding, and worked examples are presented. The surveillance system sensitivity for varying combinations of screening and confirmatory tests in live animals, animals at slaughter and on-farm deaths is also presented. Using a single test at a single point in time, none of the TB tests routinely used in farmed deer is able to achieve an acceptable probability of TB freedom. If repeat testing were undertaken, an acceptable probability of TB freedom could be achieved, with differing combinations of the surveillance system sensitivity, frequency of testing and risk of introduction. The probability of introduction of infection through the importation of infected deer was influenced by the use of a pre-movement test (assumed 90% test sensitivity and negative test results), the TB prevalence in the source herd and the number of animals imported. A surveillance system sensitivity of at least 81% was achieved with different combinations of annual live animal surveillance and surveillance of animals at slaughter or on-farm deaths. This methodology has broad applicability and could also be extended to other diseases in both deer and other species with relevance to trade in animals and animal products.  相似文献   

Diversity of water use efficiency among Quercus robur genotypes: contribution of related leaf traits     

Magali Roussel  Didier Le Thiec  Pierre Montpied  Nathalie Ningre  Jean-Marc Guehl  Oliver Brendel 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(4):408-408

? Previously, a large intra-specific diversity and a tight genetic control have been shown for Δ¹³C (carbon isotope discrimination) in a pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) family, which is an estimator for intrinsic water use efficiency (W _i), a complex trait defined as the ratio of net CO₂ assimilation rate (A) to stomatal conductance for water vapour (g _s ).

? In the present study, twelve genotypes with extreme phenotypic values of Δ¹³C were selected within this family to (i) asses the stability of genotype differences across contrasting environments and for different measures W _i; (ii) quantify the relationship between Δ¹³C and W_i within this family; (iii) identify which leaf traits drive the diversity in W _i observed in this family.

? Genetic variability of Δ¹³C and W _i was largely independent from different temporal integration scales and their correlation was found to be strong (R ² = 88% for leaf sugars) within this family.

? Weak correlations between measures of W _i with estimators of photosynthetic capacity, suggest a minor role of the latter in the diversity of W _i.

? However, the tight correlation between g _s and Δ¹³C as well as W _i, and the related genotypic variation in stomatal density, suggest that the genotypic diversity in W _i within this pedunculate oak family might be due to differences in g _s .

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Typology of historical sources and the reconstruction of long‐term historical changes of riverine fish: a case study of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers     

Gertrud Haidvogl  Dmitry Lajus  Didier Pont  Martin Schmid  Mathias Jungwirth  Julia Lajus 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2014,23(4):498-515

Historical data are widely used in river ecology to define reference conditions or to investigate the evolution of aquatic systems. Most studies rely on printed documents from the 19th century, thus missing pre‐industrial states and human impacts. This article discusses historical sources that can be used to reconstruct the development of riverine fish communities from the Late Middle Ages until the mid‐20th century. Based on the studies of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers, we propose a classification scheme of printed and archival sources and describe their fish ecological contents. Five types of sources were identified using the origin of sources as the first criterion: (i) early scientific surveys, (ii) fishery sources, (iii) fish trading sources, (iv) fish consumption sources and (v) cultural representations of fish. Except for early scientific surveys, all these sources were produced within economic and administrative contexts. They did not aim to report about historical fish communities, but do contain information about commercial fish and their exploitation. All historical data need further analysis for a fish ecological interpretation. Three case studies from the investigated Austrian and Russian rivers demonstrate the use of different source types and underline the necessity for a combination of different sources and a methodology combining different disciplinary approaches. Using a large variety of historical sources to reconstruct the development of past fish ecological conditions can support future river management by going beyond the usual approach of static historical reference conditions.  相似文献   

Temporal changes in VAM fungi in the cocoa agroforestry systems of central Cameroon     

Didier Snoeck  Dieudonné Abolo  Patrick Jagoret 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,78(3):323-328

In Cameroon, cocoa trees are mostly grown in forests and without fertilization. Our aim was to learn more about the temporal dynamics of soils in cocoa agroforests by comparing young (1–4 years old) and old (over 25 years old) cocoa agroforests. Short fallow and secondary forest were used as treeless and forest references. The numbers and diversities of soil vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on 60 cocoa producing farms in the Central province of Cameroon were assessed based on the classical morphotyping of spore morphology. We also observed the soil organic matter, nitrogen and major soil nutrients. VAM spore density was significantly lower in the young cocoa agroforests (16 spores g⁻¹ dry soil) than in the old cocoa agroforests (36 spores g⁻¹ dry soil). Levels in the nearby secondary forest (46 spores g⁻¹ dry soil) were not significantly different from old cocoa. The spore density was significantly highest in the short fallow (98 spores g⁻¹ dry soil). The Shannon–Weaver index also showed significantly lower biodiversity in young cocoa (0.39) than in old cocoa agroforests (0.48), secondary forest (0.49) and short fallow (0.47). These observations were supported by significant differences in the C:N ratio, Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity between young and old cocoa agroforests. We concluded that unfertilized cocoa agroforests could be sustainable, despite a decrease in some soil characteristics at a young stage, due to traditional land-conversion practices based on selective clearing and burning of secondary forest.  相似文献   

Current knowledge on plant/canopy architectural traits that reduce the expression and development of epidemics     

Bernard Tivoli  Agnès Calonnec  Benjamin Richard  Bertrand Ney  Didier Andrivon 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,135(3):471-478

To reduce the use of pesticides, innovative studies have been developed to introduce the plant as the centre of the crop protection system. The aim of this paper is to explain how architectural traits of plants and canopies induce a more or less severe epidemic and how they may be modified in order to reduce disease development. In particular, it focuses on three key questions: i) which processes linked to epidemics can be influenced by architecture ii) how can architecture be characterized relative to these modes of action, and iii) how can these effects be explored and exploited? The roles of plant/canopy architecture on inoculum interception, on epidemic development via the microclimate and on tissue receptivity are discussed. In addition, the concepts of disease avoidance, canopy porosity and an ideotype unfavourable for disease development are described. This paper shows that many advances have already been made, but progress is still required in four main fields: microclimatology, mathematical modelling of plants, molecular genetics and ideotype conception.  相似文献   

The dilemma of healthy eating and environmental sustainability: the case of fish     

Clonan A  Holdsworth M  Swift JA  Leibovici D  Wilson P 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(2):277-284

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Mechanical and self-healing properties of cementitious composites reinforced with flax and cottonised flax,and compared with polyvinyl alcohol fibres     

Didier Snoeck  Nele De Belie 《Biosystems Engineering》2012,111(4):325-335

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Issues and special features of animal health research     

Ducrot C  Bed'hom B  Béringue V  Coulon JB  Fourichon C  Guérin JL  Krebs S  Rainard P  Schwartz-Cornil I  Torny D  Vayssier-Taussat M  Zientara S  Zundel E  Pineau T 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):96

ABSTRACT: In the rapidly changing context of research on animal health, INRA launched a collective discussion on the challenges facing the field, its distinguishing features, and synergies with biomedical research. As has been declared forcibly by the heads of WHO, FAO and OIE, the challenges facing animal health, beyond diseases transmissible to humans, are critically important and involve food security, agriculture economics, and the ensemble of economic activities associated with agriculture. There are in addition issues related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), the environment, and animal welfare.Animal health research is distinguished by particular methodologies and scientific questions that stem from the specific biological features of domestic species and from animal husbandry practices. It generally does not explore the same scientific questions as research on human biology, even when the same pathogens are being studied, and the discipline is rooted in a very specific agricultural and economic context.Generic and methodological synergies nevertheless exist with biomedical research, particularly with regard to tools and biological models. Certain domestic species furthermore present more functional similarities with humans than laboratory rodents.The singularity of animal health research in relation to biomedical research should be taken into account in the organization, evaluation, and funding of the field through a policy that clearly recognizes the specific issues at stake. At the same time, the One Health approach should facilitate closer collaboration between biomedical and animal health research at the level of research teams and programmes.  相似文献   

Reference Value Advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel     

Geffré A  Concordet D  Braun JP  Trumel C 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(1):107-112

Abstract: International recommendations for determination of reference intervals have been recently updated, especially for small reference sample groups, and use of the robust method and Box–Cox transformation is now recommended. Unfortunately, these methods are not included in most software programs used for data analysis by clinical laboratories. We have created a set of macroinstructions, named Reference Value Advisor, for use in Microsoft Excel to calculate reference limits applying different methods. For any series of data, Reference Value Advisor calculates reference limits (with 90% confidence intervals [CI]) using a nonparametric method when n≥40 and by parametric and robust methods from native and Box–Cox transformed values; tests normality of distributions using the Anderson–Darling test and outliers using Tukey and Dixon–Reed tests; displays the distribution of values in dot plots and histograms and constructs Q–Q plots for visual inspection of normality; and provides minimal guidelines in the form of comments based on international recommendations. The critical steps in determination of reference intervals are correct selection of as many reference individuals as possible and analysis of specimens in controlled preanalytical and analytical conditions. Computing tools cannot compensate for flaws in selection and size of the reference sample group and handling and analysis of samples. However, if those steps are performed properly, Reference Value Advisor, available as freeware at http://www.biostat.envt.fr/spip/spip.php?article63 , permits rapid assessment and comparison of results calculated using different methods, including currently unavailable methods. This allows for selection of the most appropriate method, especially as the program provides the CI of limits. It should be useful in veterinary clinical pathology when only small reference sample groups are available.  相似文献   

Canine reference intervals for the Sysmex XT-2000iV hematology analyzer     

Bourgès-Abella N  Geffré A  Concordet D  Braun JP  Trumel C 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(3):303-315

Background: The laser‐based Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer is increasingly used in veterinary clinical pathology laboratories, and instrument‐specific reference intervals for dogs are not available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish canine hematologic reference intervals according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines using the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer. Methods: Blood samples from 132 healthy purebred dogs from France, selected to represent the most prevalent canine breeds in France, were analyzed. Blood smears were scored for platelet (PLT) aggregates. Reference intervals were established using the nonparametric method. PLT and RBC counts obtained by impedance and optical methods were compared. Effects of sex and age on reference intervals were determined. Results: The correlation between impedance (I) and optical (O) measurements of RBC and PLT counts was excellent (Pearson r=.99 and .98, respectively); however, there were significant differences between the 2 methods (Student's paired t‐test, P<.0001). Differences between sexes were not significant except for HCT, PLT‐I, and PLT‐O. WBC, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts decreased significantly with age (ANOVA, P<.05). Median eosinophil counts were higher in Brittany Spaniels (1.87 × 10⁹/L), Rottweilers (1.41 × 10⁹/L), and German Shepherd dogs (1.38 × 10⁹/L) than in the overall population (0.9 × 10⁹/L). PLT aggregates were responsible for lower PLT counts by the impedance, but not the optical, method. Conclusion: Reference intervals for hematologic analytes and indices were determined under controlled preanalytical and analytical conditions for a well‐characterized population of dogs according to international recommendations.  相似文献