Influence of different drying and aging conditions on saffron constituents     

Carmona M  Zalacain A  Pardo JE  López E  Alvarruiz A  Alonso GL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):3974-3979

A dehydration postharvesting treatment is necessary to convert Crocus sativus L. stigmas into saffron spice. Three different dehydration treatments were evaluated: dehydration at room temperature; dehydration with hot air at different temperatures (70, 90, and 110 degrees C); and dehydration following traditional processing in Castille-La Mancha (Spain) with three different heating sources (vineshoot charcoal, gas cooker, and electric coil). The time (between 28 and 55 min) and mean temperature (between 54 and 83 degrees C) conditions for traditional dehydration were established for the first time. The highest coloring strength was obtained when saffron was submitted to higher temperatures and lower times. These findings may be supported by the fact that samples dehydrated at high temperature were more porous than those dehydrated at room temperature, as was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The higher the temperature during the process, the higher the proportion of trans-crocetin di-(beta-D-gentibiosyl) ester, although trans-crocetin (beta-D-glucosyl)-(beta-D-gentibiosyl) and trans-crocetin di-(beta-D-glucosyl) ester decrease while cis-crocins did not change significantly. A thermal aging process reveals that the trans-crocetin di-(beta-D-gentibiosyl) ester increases when saffron is resubmitted to a heating treatment before it is decomposed by the extreme conditions. The picrocrocin extinction during the aging process does not imply a consistent generation of safranal.  相似文献   

Decimation of a population of the endangered species Scutellastra mexicana (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) (Mollusca,Gastropoda) in the Marías Island (Eastern Ocean Pacific) Biosphere Reserve     

Jos Luis Carballo  Benjamín Yez  Eric Bautista‐Guerrero  Jos Carlos García‐Gmez  Free Espinosa  Jos J.A. Tortolero‐Langarica  Jesús Emilio Michel‐Morfín 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(1):20-30

1. Scutellastra mexicana is the largest known patellid limpet species and probably is one of the most endangered marine invertebrates.
2. The species was once distributed along the American Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru, but their large size (up to 35 cm long) and easy accessibility (shallow sublittoral), made it very vulnerable to human collection and now is extinct on most of the mainland Mexican coast.
3. In August 2017, a large population of this species was found on María Cleofas island, off the coast of west‐central Mexico (Marías Archipelago, Pacific Ocean). This constitutes the only report of a population of this species since 1988.
4. A total of 808 adult individuals of up to 26 cm in length and 20 cm in width were estimated, together with the presence of juveniles, suggesting that it is a self‐sustaining population. The population was monitored in August 2017 and August 2018.
5. Although the species is under the category ‘Special Protection’ in the General Mexican Wild Law, and that María Cleofas island is a Biosphere Reserve, fishermen that operate with impunity in the area decimated the limpet population within a year of its discovery. Abundance in the shallowest area decreased significantly from 120 individuals per transect (65 m long and 2.75 m wide) in August 2017 to 48 individuals in August 2018, and the estimated adult population decreased from 808 to 304 limpets.
6. Neither passive national conservation policies nor local practices have reduced current threats to biodiversity and resource depletion in Marías Archipelago. Protected areas like this are ‘paper parks’—parks in name only—because there is no active conservation strategy or protection of marine species.

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The influence of thinning on rainfall interception by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> L. in Mediterranean coastal stands (Castel Fusano—Rome)     

Gianluigi Mazza  Emilio Amorini  Andrea Cutini  Maria Chiara Manetti 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(8):1323-1332

• Context  

This research was conducted in a 62-year-old stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) forest within the National Natural Reserve of the Roman Coast, Italy. Net under-canopy precipitation was measured between September 2004 and December 2008 in a unthinned and a thinned area of about 1 ha each.  相似文献   

Roe deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capreolus capreolus</Emphasis> L.) browsing effects and use of chestnut and Turkey oak coppiced areas     

Andrea Cutini  Paolo Bongi  Francesco Chianucci  Nives Pagon  Stefano Grignolio  Emilio Amorini  Marco Apollonio 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(4):667-674

Introduction   

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure on vegetative regeneration of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) and roe deer use of coppiced areas were investigated.  相似文献   

Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken CD80     

Lee SH  Lillehoj HS  Park MS  Baldwin C  Tompkins D  Wagner B  Del Cacho E  Babu U  Min W 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2011,34(3):3818-279

This study was carried out to develop and characterize mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against chicken CD80 (chCD80). A recombinant plasmid containing a chCD80/horse IgG4 fusion gene was constructed and expressed in CHO cells to produce recombinant chCD80/IgG4 protein. Chicken CD80 was purified from the chCD80/IgG4 fusion protein following enterokinase digestion, and used to immunize BALB/c mice, resulting in 158 hybridomas that produced mAbs against chCD80. Three mAbs with high binding specificity for recombinant chCD80/IgG4-transfected CHO cells were identified by flow cytometry, and one of these (#112) was selected for further characterization. Immunoprecipitation of CD80/IgG4-CHO cell extract, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated monocytes identified 35.0 kDa proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed chCD80-expressing cells exclusively in the bursal follicles at the outer portion of the cortex, and throughout the red pulp and the outer boundary of the white pulp in the spleen. By immunofluorescence microscopy, chCD80 was observed on intestinal dendritic cells. LPS treatment of bursa or spleen monocytes for 24 or 48 h increased chCD80 expression. Finally, addition of chCD80 mAb to Con A-stimulated spleen cells inhibited the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and IL-2-driven proliferation of lymphoblast cells. In summary, these chCD80 mAbs will serve as valuable immunological reagents for basic and applied poultry immunology research.  相似文献   

Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken interleukin-2 receptor αlpha chain (CD25)     

Lee SH  Lillehoj HS  Jang SI  Baldwin C  Tompkins D  Wagner B  Parcells M  Del Cacho E  Hong YH  Min W  Lillehoj EP 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,144(3-4):396-404

This study was carried out to develop and characterize mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against chicken CD25 (chCD25), the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A recombinant chimeric chCD25/IgG4 fusion protein was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and isolated from spent cell culture medium by protein G affinity chromatography. Purified chCD25 protein was used to immunize mice, from which 54 stable hybridomas secreting chCD25 mAbs were produced. Two mAbs, chCD25-32 and chCD25-54, with high binding affinity for chCD25-expressing CHO cells were selected for further characterization. By flow cytometry, both mAbs detected cells in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, intestinal duodenum, and immunostained established chicken T cell, B cell, and macrophage cell lines. Both mAbs reacted with a 55 kDa protein on Western blots of lysates from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen mononuclear cells. Intraperitoneal injection of chickens with bacterial lipopolysaccharide increased the percentage of chCD25(+) spleen cells by approximately 4-fold compared with untreated animals. In vitro stimulation of spleen cells with Con A increased the percentage of chCD25(+) cells by up to 50-fold compared with cells treated with medium alone. Finally, the chCD25-32 mAb suppressed IL-2-driven spleen cell proliferation and reduced IL-2-induced nitric oxide production. These mAbs may be useful for future investigation of chicken regulatory T cells.  相似文献   

Production of the seed germination stimulant karrikinolide from combustion of simple carbohydrates     

Flematti GR  Scaffidi A  Dixon KW  Smith SM  Ghisalberti EL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(4):1195-1198

The naturally occurring seed germination stimulant karrikinolide is formed from the combustion of plant material including cellulose. It has previously been reported that combustion of simple carbohydrates such as d-glucose does not produce extracts containing karrikinolide. Moreover, it was reported that extracts with germination-promoting ability could be obtained only by combustion of simple carbohydrates in the presence of amino acids such as l-glycine. By employing a (13)C-labeled karrikinolide to physically quantify natural karrikinolide, we now show that it is produced from combustion of simple carbohydrates in similar amounts regardless of whether l-glycine is present or not. The addition of l-glycine appears to be beneficial in reducing the inhibitory effect of smoke extracts and provides a greater concentration range for effective germination-promoting activity.  相似文献   

Transpiration,photosynthetic responses,tissue water relations and dry mass partitioning in Callistemon plants during drought conditions     

Sara Álvarez  Alejandra Navarro  Emilio Nicolás  M. Jesús Sánchez-Blanco 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Callistemon is an Australian species used as ornamental plant in Mediterranean regions. The objective of this research was to analyse the ability of Callistemon to overcome water deficit in terms of adjusting its physiology and morphology. Potted Callistemon laevis Anon plants were grown in controlled environment and subjected to drought stress by reducing irrigation water by 40% compared to the control (irrigated to container capacity). The drought stress produced the smallest plants throughout the experiment. After three months of drought, the leaf area, number of leaves and root volume decreased, while root/shoot ratio and root density increased. The higher root hydraulic resistance in stressed plants caused decreases in leaf and stem water potentials resulting in lower stomatal conductance and indicating that water flow through the roots is a factor that strongly influences shoot water relations. The water stress affected transpiration (63% reduction compared with the control). The consistent decrease in g_s suggested an adaptative efficient stomatal control of transpiration by this species, resulting in a higher intrinsic water use efficiency (P_n/g_s) in drought conditions, increasing as the experimental time progressed. This was accompanied by an improvement in water use efficiency of production to maintain the leaf water status. In addition, water stress induced an active osmotic adjustment and led to decreases in leaf tissue elasticity in order to maintain turgor. Therefore, the water deficit produced changes in plant water relations, gas exchange and growth in an adaptation process which could promote the faster establishment of this species in gardens or landscaping projects in Mediterranean conditions.  相似文献   

Effects of dissolved organic carbon on phosphate retention on two calcareous soils     

Fernández-Pérez M  Flores-Céspedes F  González-Pradas E  Ureña-Amate MD  Villafranca-Sánchez M  Socías-Viciana M  Pérez-García S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(1):84-89

To evaluate the effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on phosphate retention (including both sorption and/or precipitation reactions) on soils, experiments were performed by using two typical calcareous soils from southeastern Spain (Calcic Regosol and Luvic Xerosol) and two different types of DOC: (1) extracts from a commercial peat (DOC-PE) and (2) high-purity tannic acid (DOC-TA). The experiments were carried out from a 0.01 M CaCl2 aqueous medium at 25 degrees C. The results obtained show that the presence of both DOC-PE and DOC-TA, over a concentration range of 15 (DOC-15) to 100 (DOC-100) mg L(-1), produces in all cases a decreasing amount of phosphate retained in the soils studied, the decrease observed being higher when DOC-PE is used as source of DOC. The values of the decrease observed when DOC-PE was added ranged between 19.9% (DOC-15) and 15.6% (DOC-100) for the Calcic Regosol and between 17.3% (DOC-70, DOC-100) and 14.6% (DOC-15) for the Luvic Xerosol. The variation observed when DOC-TA was added ranged between 8.5% (DOC-100) and 0.5% (DOC-35) for the Calcic Regosol and between 7.0% (DOC-100) and 1.0% (DOC-15) for the Luvic Xerosol.  相似文献   

Estimating soil resilience to a toxic organic waste by measuring enzyme activities     

Emilio Benitez  Raquel Melgar  Rogelio Nogales 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(10):1615-1623

The ability of a degraded soil to respond to successive additions of a toxic organic waste (olive-mill solid waste) and its vermicompost was studied in a controlled incubation experiment for 32 weeks. Hydrolytic enzyme activities (phosphatase, β-glucosidase), oxidoreductase activities (dehydrogenase, o-diphenol oxidase) and indole acetic acid production, were used as measures of soil perturbation. No microbial activity, indicated by the total lack of dehydrogenase activity, was detected when the olive-mill solid waste was added to the soil. However, after 16 weeks, the activity returned to the original soil levels (1.35 μg INTF g⁻¹ h⁻¹). The addition of vermicomposted olive-mill solid waste increased the original soil dehydrogenase activity by five-fold, indicating a loss of toxicity of the waste during the vermicomposting process; the activity remained high throughout the experiment. At week 21, a second addition of olive solid waste, was made to both olive waste and vermicompost-amended soils, when the soil originally amended with olive waste had reached the activity measured in soil amended with vermicompost. Dehydrogenase activity recovered immediately, reaching levels up to seven-fold higher than the background levels of the soil. The ability of soil to respond to a toxic waste clearly differed after a period of exposure to the waste. The faster response was probably related to the increased pool of stabilized organic matter present in soil, arising from the stabilization of added olive waste in the soil or through the amended vermicompost. The amplitude (period of recovery to the initial state after disturbance) and the elasticity (speed of recovery) of the soil could also be monitored by o-diphenol oxidase and β-glucosidase activities. However, indole-3-acetic acid production proved to be a useful measure of perturbation only following the second addition of the olive waste.  相似文献