Recreation shapes a “landscape of fear” for a threatened forest bird species in Central Europe     

Sascha Rösner  Emily Mussard-Forster  Tomáš Lorenc  Jörg Müller 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(1):55-66

Predators can create a “landscape of fear” that influences the spatial distribution of their prey. Understanding whether human activity similarly affects the distribution of species beyond habitat suitability is crucial but difficult to assess for conservation managers. Here, we assessed the effect of recreation and forestry activity on a threatened forest-dwelling umbrella species, the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). We followed the citizen science approach on the landscape scale in the Bohemian Forest. We analyzed species data non-invasively collected through intensive fieldwork by volunteers and assessed human activity in the entire study area by analyzing expert questionnaires. The study area extends over 119,000 ha and harbors one of the largest relict populations of this grouse species in Central European low mountain ranges. Our statistical models revealed a negative impact of recreational activities on the intensity of habitat use of the birds within suitable habitats, thereby pointing toward a landscape of fear. The influence of forestry activity, in contrast, was not clear. In comparison to existing regional tourism impact studies, we were able to elevate the examination to the landscape scale. Our results underlined the relevance of recreation in limiting the species’ habitat on an entire landscape and allow us to conclude that habitat managers should set aside well-defined zones without recreational activities to preserve the refuge of this umbrella species.  相似文献   

Challenges for Multilevel Stakeholder Engagement in Public Trust Resource Governance     

Emily F. Pomeranz  Daniel J. Decker  William F. Siemer  Arthur Kirsch  Jeremy Hurst  James Farquhar 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(5):448-457

The trend in wildlife management over the last two decades has been to develop locally based approaches for responsiveness to local conditions, but some state wildlife agencies are finding the amount of staff time required to service this approach prohibitive. Although local engagement strategies have been lauded as assuring that public trust obligations of state government to citizens are met, we can expect that states with a local focus as their operational level of stakeholder engagement may opt to change their approach to reflect their resource limitations. We argue for comprehensive regional level effort to understand stakeholders augmented with local engagement processes where needed to deal with special circumstances in smaller areas within a region. Such an approach can be anticipated to have implications for stakeholder engagement and human dimensions research needs, which we discuss in the context of public trust resource administration and good governance of wildlife resources.  相似文献   

Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs     

Jessica D. Briley  Morika D. Williams  Mila Freire  Emily H. Griffith  B. Duncan X. Lascelles 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2014,199(2):245-250

Feasibility and inter-session repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) were assessed in 24 normal dogs. Cold thermal latencies were evaluated using a thermal probe (0 °C) applied to three pelvic limb sites. Mechanical thresholds were measured using an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer (EVF) and a blunt-probed pressure algometer (PA) applied to the dorsal aspect of the metatarsus. All QST trials were performed with dogs in lateral recumbency. Collection of cold QST data was easy (feasible) in 19/24 (79%) dogs. However, only 18.4%, 18.9% and 13.2% of cold QST trials elicited a response at the medial tibia, third digital pad and plantar metatarsal regions, respectively. Collection of mechanical QST data was easy (feasible) in 20/24 (83%) dogs for both EVF and PA.At consecutive sampling times, approximately 2 weeks apart, the average EVF sensory thresholds were 414 ± 186 g and 379 ± 166 g, respectively, and the average PA sensory thresholds were 1089 ± 414 g and 1028 ± 331 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in inter-session or inter-limb threshold values for either mechanical QST device. The cold QST protocol in this study was achievable, but did not provide consistently quantifiable results. Both mechanical QST devices tested provided repeatable, reliable sensory threshold measurements in normal, client-owned dogs. These findings contribute to the validation of the EVF and PA as tools to obtain repeated QST data over time in dogs to assess somatosensory processing changes.  相似文献   

Presumptive cocaine toxicosis in 19 dogs: 2004–2012     

Emily K. Thomas BA  VetMB  MRCVS  Kenneth J. Drobatz DVM  MSCE  DACVIM  DACVECC  Deborah C. Mandell VMD  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2014,24(2):201-207

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The Role of Local Knowledge in State-and-Transition Model Development     

Corrine Noel Knapp  Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez  Emily Kachergis 《Herpetological Monographs》2010,32(6):31-36

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Experimental Infection of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,and Hybrid Striped Bass,Morone chrysops ♂ × Morone saxatilis ♀, with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype IVb     

Emily R. Cornwell  Eileen A. Penner  Rodman G. Getchell  Geoffrey H. Groocock  Paul R. Bowser 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2013,44(5):669-681

The emergence of a new sublineage of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) within the Laurentian Great Lakes has caused concern for aquaculture in the United States. Because of the occurrence of VHSV in a new geographic location, new host species have been identified and the complete host range has not been determined. This study confirmed the high resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to VHSV type IVb infection. In addition, the experimental susceptibility of hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops ♂ × Morone saxatilis ♀, to VHSV type IVb infection was examined but determined to be highly dependent on age of fish and exposure temperature. No mortality was observed in adult fish infected via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at 15 C, whereas yearling fish infected via IP injection under the same conditions experienced 20.8% mortality. Among yearling fish infected via IP injection, mortality increased to 100% when exposure to VHSV occurred at 10 C. An LD₅₀ for yearling hybrid striped bass exposed to VHSV at 10 C by IP injection was determined to be 1.4 × 10⁴ pfu (SE = 2.1). Thus, at 10 C, yearling hybrid striped bass experience a high mortality when exposed to VHSV IVb by IP injection.  相似文献   

Conserved structure for single-stranded telomeric DNA recognition     

Mitton-Fry RM  Anderson EM  Hughes TR  Lundblad V  Wuttke DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5565):145-147

The essential Cdc13 protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single-stranded telomeric DNA binding protein required for chromosome end protection and telomere replication. Here we report the solution structure of the Cdc13 DNA binding domain in complex with telomeric DNA. The structure reveals the use of a single OB (oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding) fold augmented by an unusually large loop for DNA recognition. This OB fold is structurally similar to OB folds found in the ciliated protozoan telomere end-binding protein, although no sequence similarity is apparent between them. The common usage of an OB fold for telomeric DNA interaction demonstrates conservation of end-protection mechanisms among eukaryotes.  相似文献   

Hematopoietic cell regulation by Rac1 and Rac2 guanosine triphosphatases     

Gu Y  Filippi MD  Cancelas JA  Siefring JE  Williams EP  Jasti AC  Harris CE  Lee AW  Prabhakar R  Atkinson SJ  Kwiatkowski DJ  Williams DA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5644):445-449

The Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Rac1 and Rac2 are critical signaling regulators in mammalian cells. The deletion of both Rac1 and Rac2 murine alleles leads to a massive egress of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) into the blood from the marrow, whereas Rac1-/- but not Rac2-/- HSC/Ps fail to engraft in the bone marrow of irradiated recipient mice. In contrast, Rac2, but not Rac1, regulates superoxide production and directed migration in neutrophils, and in each cell type, the two GTPases play distinct roles in actin organization, cell survival, and proliferation. Thus, Rac1 and Rac2 regulate unique aspects of hematopoietic development and function.  相似文献   

Coeval large-scale magmatism in the Kalahari and Laurentian cratons during Rodinia assembly     

Hanson RE  Crowley JL  Bowring SA  Ramezani J  Gose WA  Dalziel IW  Pancake JA  Seidel EK  Blenkinsop TG  Mukwakwami J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5674):1126-1129

We show that intraplate magmatism occurred 1106 to 1112 million years ago over an area of two million square kilometers within the Kalahari craton of southern Africa, during the same magnetic polarity chron as voluminous magmatism within the cratonic core of North America. These contemporaneous magmatic events occurred while the Rodinia supercontinent was being assembled and are inferred to be parts of a single large igneous province emplaced across the two cratons. Widespread intraplate magmatism during Rodinia assembly shows that mantle upwellings required to generate such provinces may occur independently of the supercontinent cycle.  相似文献   

Ecology. Ecology for a crowded planet     

Palmer M  Bernhardt E  Chornesky E  Collins S  Dobson A  Duke C  Gold B  Jacobson R  Kingsland S  Kranz R  Mappin M  Martinez ML  Micheli F  Morse J  Pace M  Pascual M  Palumbi S  Reichman OJ  Simons A  Townsend A  Turner M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5675):1251-1252

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