Herbal drug quality and phytochemical composition of Hypericum perforatum L. affected by ash yellows phytoplasma infection     

Bruni R  Pellati F  Bellardi MG  Benvenuti S  Paltrinieri S  Bertaccini A  Bianchi A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(4):964-968

Qualitative/quantitative phytochemical variations were observed in dried flowering tops of cultivated Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Zorzi infected by phytoplasmas of the "ash yellows" class, identified by direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR); this is the first report of ribosomial group 16SrVII phytoplasmas in St. John's Wort. Methanolic extracts of healthy and infected plants were separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify naphthodianthrones and flavonoids, while essential oils were analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC)-GC/MS. The affected plants exhibited decreased amounts of rutin (1.96 +/- 0.23 vs 4.96 +/- 0.02 mg/g), hyperoside (2.38 +/- 0.21 vs 3.04 +/- 0.05 mg/g), isoquercitrin (1.47 +/- 0.04 vs 3.50 +/- 0.08 mg/g), amentoflavone (0.12 +/- 0.01 vs 0.39 +/- 0.02 mg/g), and pseudohypericin (1.41 +/- 0.23 vs 2.29 +/- 0.07 mg/g), whereas the chlorogenic acid content was doubled (1.56 +/- 0.11 vs 0.77 +/- 0.02 mg/g). Hypericin, quercitrin, and quercetin contents were not severely affected. The essential oil yield was drastically reduced in infected material (0.11 vs 0.75% in healthy material) and revealed an increased abundance of sesquiterpenes (beta-caryophyllene, delta-elemene, and germacrene D, in particular) and a matching decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatics. The consequences that the phytopathological condition of cultivated H. perforatum plants has on the commercial quality, market value, and therapeutic efficacy are outlined.  相似文献   

Division of labor with a workforce of one: challenges in specifying effector and memory T cell fate     

Reiner SL  Sallusto F  Lanzavecchia A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5838):622-625

In the course of the immune response against microbes, na?ve T cells proliferate and generate varied classes of effector cells, as well as memory cells with distinct properties and functions. Owing to recent technological advances, some of the most imposing questions regarding effector and memory T cell differentiation are now becoming experimentally soluble: How many classes of antigen-specific T cells exist, and how malleable are they in their fate and in their functional state? How might a spectrum of cell fates be imparted to the clonal descendants of a single lymphocyte? Where, when, and how does pathogen-associated information refine the instruction, selection, and direction of newly activated T cells as they perform their tasks in different locations and times? Some surprising new glimpses ahead on these subjects and other yet-unanswered questions are discussed.  相似文献   

Evidence for recombination in neboviruses     

Di Martino B  Di Profio F  Martella V  Ceci C  Marsilio F 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,153(3-4):367-372

Neboviruses are bovine enteric caliciviruses (genus Nebovirus) associated with enteric diseases in calves. By screening the stools of calves collected from Italian herds using primers targeted to a conserved stretch in calicivirus RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), nebovirus RNA was detected in calves with enteritis (13.1%) but not in overtly health animals. Upon sequence analysis of the RdRp fragment, the Italian viruses formed a tightly conserved group and resembled closely the nebovirus prototype Nebraska/80/US. The sequence of a 2.2kb ORF1 fragment, spanning the 3' end of the RdRp and the full-length capsid coding region, of two nebovirus strains was determined, revealing marked genetic heterogeneity in the capsid protein, as the two Italian viruses were classified into two distinct capsid lineages, and suggesting a recombination event downstream the highly conserved shell (S) domain.  相似文献   

Multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping     

Bergamini F  Iori A  Massi P  Pongolini S 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,149(3-4):430-436

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe disease of poultry, responsible for heavy economic losses. Epidemiologic investigation of fowl typhoid significantly benefits from molecular typing tools, RAPD and PFGE have been proposed for this purpose. PFGE, a well established technique, is still the gold standard among typing methods for most bacteria, including salmonella. Nevertheless, it has some limitations regarding execution and reproducibility, in particular it is labour intensive and requires good technical expertise. Furthermore, it needs accurate standardization and results can be ambiguous to interpret. Such limitations can hamper reproducibility and transfer of results. As a possible alternative to PFGE, multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) has recently emerged as an effective genotyping method for many bacterial pathogens showing high discriminatory power associated to robustness. We developed a six-loci MLVA protocol for Salmonella Gallinarum and compared it to PFGE performed with SpeI, XbaI and NotI on fifty isolates. The proposed MLVA has a high discriminatory power, equivalent to that of the three-enzyme PFGE (Simpson's index 0.94 for MLVA, 0.93 for three-enzyme PFGE) but it is simpler to perform and straightforward in genotype identification, allowing unambiguous exchange of results. Stability of selected VNTR loci, assessed in vitro and in vivo, is good but not absolute, reflecting the sensitivity of MLVA to detect evolutionary changes of bacteria. Clustering of the isolates as determined by MLVA typing is substantially confirmed by PFGE.  相似文献   

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4: a biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for canine malignant melanoma     

Mayayo SL  Prestigio S  Maniscalco L  La Rosa G  Aricò A  De Maria R  Cavallo F  Ferrone S  Buracco P  Iussich S 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,190(2):e26-e30

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4), also known as high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA), is a membrane-bound chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan highly expressed by human melanoma cells. This phylogenetically conserved tumour antigen plays an important biological role in human melanoma, where it is used as a marker to diagnose forms with unusual characteristics, such as desmoplastic melanoma, and to detect melanoma cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood, and as a target for immunotherapy because of its restricted distribution in normal tissues. To identify suitable targets to develop novel approaches of treating canine melanoma, CSPG4 was studies to see whether it is expressed in canine malignant melanomas. Immunohistochemical staining of 65 canine malignant melanomas with an anti-human CSPG4-specific antibody detected CSPG4 in 37 cases (56.9%). Positive staining was more frequent, albeit not significantly, in amelanotic compared to melanotic tumours and was statistically associated with tumours having both melanin and the epithelioid histotype. The frequency of CSPG4 expression was similar to that of other melanoma antigens used as diagnostic markers for canine malignant melanoma, such as Melan A and the protein recognized by the PNL2 monoclonal antibody. The results suggest that CSPG4 constitutes a new potential immunohistochemical marker of canine malignant melanoma and may represent an immunotherapeutic target as in humans.  相似文献   

A review of phosphate oxygen isotope values in global bedrocks: Characterising a critical endmember to the soil phosphorus system     

Andrew C. Smith  Verena Pfahler  Federica Tamburini  Martin S. A. Blackwell  Steven J. Granger 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2021,184(1):25-34

Understanding the phosphate oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O‐PO₄) composition of bedrock phosphate sources is becoming ever more important, especially in areas of soil research which use this isotope signature as a proxy for biological cycling of phosphorus (P). For many of these studies, obtaining a sample of the source bedrock or applied mineral fertiliser for isotope analysis is impossible; meaning there is now a demand for a comprehensive characterisation of global bedrock δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ to support this work. Here we compile δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ data from a wide range of global bedrocks, including 56 new values produced as part of this study and a comprehensive overview of those within the previously existing literature. We present δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ data from the range of major phosphatic lithologies alongside as much metadata for the samples as could be gathered. Much of the data comes from bedrocks of marine sedimentary origin (< 1 Ma = > +22‰, > 540 Ma = ≈ +12‰), but we also present data from bedrocks associated with guano (range: +19.5 to +15‰) and igneous deposits (range: +12 to –0.8‰), both of which have distinct δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ signatures due to their formation mechanisms. We show that where repeat measurements of the same formation have been undertaken, regardless of method or exact sample location, there is an average within formation error of ± 1.25‰. This is important, as is constitutes a reasonable level of uncertainty for phosphorus cycling studies which need to estimate bedrock δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ composition based on the literature. In combination, this data set presents 284 δ¹⁸O‐PO₄ values from 56 countries; a comprehensive starting point for researchers interested in understanding bedrock end member δ¹⁸O‐PO₄.  相似文献   

Cycling of reduced phosphorus compounds in soil and potential impacts of climate change     

Anchen Kehler  Philip Haygarth  Federica Tamburini  Martin Blackwell 《European Journal of Soil Science》2021,72(6):2517-2537

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INVITED REVIEW‐OFF‐SITE PET IMAGING PROGRAMS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES     

Amy K. LeBlanc  Federica Morandi 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2014,55(1):109-112

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Aneuploid hybrids from 5x − 4x crosses in potato: Chromosome number, fertility, morphology and yield     

D. Carputo  M. Parisi  F. Consiglio  M. Iovene  G. Caruso  L. Monti  L. Frusciante 《American Journal of Potato Research》2003,80(2):93-101

The objective of this study was to characterize sixS. commersonii - S. tuberosum progenies deriving from 5x ? 4x crosses to provide evidence that they can be used in potato breeding. Hybrids analyzed (coded PTH) had a chromosome number between the 4x and the 5x level. In particular, progeny means for chromosome number ranged from 50±0.5 to 54±0.7, with most (70%) genotypes exhibiting a low aneuploid level of 48 to 53 chromosomes. Despite being aneuploid, the hybrids did not generally show phenotypic aberrations or vigor reduction common to aneuploids of other species. Most genotypes resembledS. tuberosum in growth habit, whereas corolla type, eye depth, and stolon length varied between and within progenies. Aneuploid hybrids produced tubers under long-day conditions. However, tuber yields were not as high as expected, probably due to lack of adaptation of theS. commersonii genome to long-day conditions. Although aneuploidy has often been associated with reduced male and female fertility, many 5x ? 4x hybrids were fertile in crosses withS. tuberosum. The average berry set and number of seeds/berry were 33% and 34.7, respectively, following PTH ×S. tuberosum crosses, and 40% and 51.7, respectively, forS. tuberosum × PTH crosses. The useful variation for fertility and tuber traits found in this material is being used for further breeding efforts.  相似文献   

Phagocytosis of Astaxanthin-Loaded Microparticles Modulates TGFβ Production and Intracellular ROS Levels in J774A.1 Macrophages     

Eleonora Binatti  Gianni Zoccatelli  Francesca Zanoni  Giulia Don  Federica Mainente  Roberto Chignola 《Marine drugs》2021,19(3)

Radiation-induced fibrosis is a serious long-lasting side effect of radiation therapy. Central to this condition is the role of macrophages that, activated by radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and tissue cell damage, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). This, in turn, recruits fibroblasts at the site of the lesion that initiates fibrosis. We investigated whether astaxanthin, an antioxidant molecule extracted from marine and freshwater organisms, could help control macrophage activation. To this purpose, we encapsulated food-grade astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis into micrometer-sized whey protein particles to specifically target macrophages that can uptake material within this size range by phagocytosis. The data show that astaxanthin-loaded microparticles are resistant to radiation, are well-tolerated by J774A.1 macrophages, induce in these cells a significant reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species and inhibit the release of active TGFβ as evaluated in a bioassay with transformed MFB-F11 fibroblasts. Micro-encapsulation of bioactive molecules is a promising strategy to specifically target phagocytic cells and modulate their own functions.  相似文献