Crop Disease Review Maize     

A. D. Hanna 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):31-36

Variability in the insecticidal effects of botanical preparations has been one of the major obstacles in the application of this type of insecticide. Understanding of the variability may help to improve formulations of the preparations and develop more practical strategies for field applications. Here we report the varying effects of two lots of the same commercial neem formulation, Neemix^® 4.5, on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. We found that one lot had stronger adverse effect on the development and survival of P. xylostella larvae but little repellent effect on the adults, whereas, the other lot had a weaker effect on the larvae but a substantial repellent effect on the adults.  相似文献   

Temporary Turnout for Free Exercise in Groups: Effects on the Behavior of Competition Horses Housed in Single Stalls     

Hanna Werhahn  Engel F. HesselHanna Schulze  MSc  Herman F.A. Van den Weghe  Prof Dr Ir 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(7):417-425

In Germany, most competition horses are housed in single stalls and free exercise is not permitted in many cases. The reason for not allowing free exercise is mostly the risk of injury. Additionally, opinions exist that the horses’ demand for exercise is fulfilled by training and that the horses’ willingness to perform is negatively influenced by free exercise. In the present study, three turnout practices were investigated with regard to their effect on the behavior of four horses: daily training without free exercise (no turnout), 2-hour turnout (for free exercise) before training, and 2-hour turnout after training. The aim of this study was to determine any differences in the horses’ behavior between the three treatments. The horses’ behavior in the stable was observed through video recordings. The behavior during turnout was observed directly and during training was evaluated by the riders with the aid of a questionnaire. Additionally, the distance covered during turnout was measured by Global Positioning System devices. The behavior within the stall was more restless in the treatment without turnout—which became apparent in significantly more frequent changes between behaviors as compared with the treatments with turnout. The results of Global Positioning System measurement during turnout showed a significantly shorter distance covered when horses were trained before they were turned out compared with turnout before training. If the horses were turned out after training, they also showed less trotting and cantering and more dozing. The horses’ willingness to perform was not significantly different between the three treatments.  相似文献   

Evaluation of a point-of-care test for canine C-reactive protein     

Plickert HD  Einspanier R  Arndt G  Brunnberg L  Kohn B 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(3):384-388

Background: In veterinary medicine, there is increasing interest in measuring C‐reactive protein (CRP) as a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory diseases. Reported CRP concentrations for healthy dogs have ranged from 0 to 8.9 mg/L. Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate a canine‐specific point‐of‐care (POC) lateral flow immunoassay for qualitative CRP measurement in healthy and diseased dogs and to compare results with those obtained by a quantitative ELISA. Methods: Blood samples from 73 client‐owned dogs were available for testing: 16 healthy dogs and 57 dogs with a variety of infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic diseases. CRP was measured in heparinized whole blood samples and serum with the TECOmedical Dog CRP‐visual POC test. A red line develops in the POC device if CRP is ≥5 mg/L, and results are scored as negative or positive. An ELISA validated previously for canine serum was used as the reference method. Results: For all dogs, serum CRP concentrations measured by the ELISA ranged from 0.1 to ≥350 mg/L (median=38 mg/L). Percentages of the CRP POC test results that agreed with the ELISA results were 98.6% for whole blood and 97.3% for serum samples. For serum samples, sensitivity of the POC test was 96.4% and specificity was 81.3%. For whole blood, sensitivity was 94.7% and specificity was 93.8%. Conclusions: The POC test had very good agreement with the ELISA test and had high sensitivity and specificity; therefore, it can be used as a qualitative test to screen for increases in CRP concentrations.  相似文献   

Comparison of two assays, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a coproantigen reduction test (CRT), for the diagnosis of resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica in sheep     

Flanagan A  Edgar HW  Gordon A  Hanna RE  Brennan GP  Fairweather I 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,176(2-3):170-176

A sheep trial was performed to evaluate two diagnostic assays, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a coproantigen reduction test (CRT), for the diagnosis of resistance of Fasciola hepatica to triclabendazole (TCBZ). The FECRT defines successful TCBZ treatment as a 95% or greater reduction in fluke faecal egg counts (FECs) at 14 days post-treatment (dpt). The CRT defines effective TCBZ treatment as faeces negative for Fasciola coproantigens at 14dpt, as measured by the commercial BIO K201 coproantigen ELISA (Bio-X Diagnostics, Jemelle, Belgium). Forty-nine indoor-reared sheep were split into four trial groups and each sheep was infected with 200 metacercariae of 1 of 4 F. hepatica isolates, previously described as susceptible (Cullompton and Fairhurst) and resistant (Leon and Oberon) to TCBZ action, respectively. TCBZ treatment was administered at 12 weeks post-infection (wpi) to one sub-group in each infected sheep group, and these sheep were culled at 4 weeks post-treatment (wpt). Untreated sheep sub-groups, were culled at a parallel time-point, that is, at 16wpi. Necropsy was performed to confirm treatment efficacy. Individual faecal samples were collected twice-weekly throughout the trial period, sub-sampled and examined by a standardised egg sedimentation protocol and by the BIO K201 ELISA. Results supported the use of both the FECRT and the CRT for the diagnosis of resistance of F. hepatica to TCBZ. In addition, the study confirmed the TCBZ susceptibility of the Cullompton and Fairhurst F. hepatica isolates and the TCBZ resistance of the Oberon F. hepatica isolate. However, the Leon F. hepatica isolate was found to be susceptible, rather than resistant, to TCBZ action.  相似文献   

The intra‐ and intertester repeatability of radiographic elbow incongruity grading is high in chondrodystrophic dog breeds     

Hanna S. M. Pulkkinen  Vilma L. J. Reunanen  Heli K. Hyytiinen  Jouni J. T. Junnila  Outi M. Laitinen‐Vapaavuori  Anu K. Lappalainen 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2020,61(3):329-335

Elbow incongruity is a form of elbow dysplasia that causes osteoarthritis, pain, and lameness, and it is common in chondrodystrophic dog breeds. The objective of this retrospective secondary analysis study was to evaluate the intra‐ and interobserver repeatability of a novel radiographic incongruity grading system for assessing elbow incongruity in three chondrodystrophic dog breeds—the dachshund, Skye Terrier, and Glen of Imaal Terrier. We conducted an observer agreement study that included 220 mediolateral antebrachial radiographs from 110 dogs with the elbow in 90° flexion. The radiographs were independently assessed by three observers at three time points, using a four‐stepped grading scale. The proportion of agreement and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Both the intra‐ and interobserver proportions of agreement were substantial when three grades were required to be identical (.705‐.777 and .609, respectively), and almost perfect for two identical grades (.991‐1.000 and .991, respectively). Some differences in repeatability between breeds were noted; specifically, the intraobserver repeatability was higher in the dachshund, and the interobserver repeatability was lower in the Glen of Imaal Terrier. Our study showed that the radiographic imaging protocol and incongruity grading system have high repeatability when assessing elbow incongruity in chondrodystrophic dog breeds.  相似文献   

Influence of ammonium: Nitrate ratios on the growth and nitrogen uptake of pearl millet     

R. L. Smith  H. A. Mills  C. S. Hoveland  W. W. Hanna 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):541-553

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a potentially high‐yielding grain crop for the Southern Coastal Plain region of the USA. Information on the growth and N nutrition of pearl millet is limited; therefore, this study was initiated with the objective of studying pearl millet growth, N content, N uptake patterns and N‐form preference. Plants were grown in solution culture using a modified Hoagland's solution. Solutions were changed weekly and transpirational losses replaced daily. The N‐form ratios were 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^‐ Uptake was determined by difference between the initial and final solutions. Nitrate and NH₄ ⁺ uptake patterns were different from each other and were influenced by the ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^‐. After the plants had been transferred to the solutions, ammonium was preferred for the first two weeks, with NO₃ ^‐ preferred thereafter. Nitrate uptake was highest during the grain filling period. Plant growth as measured by leaf, stem, root, and seed weight, plant height, average seed weight, and head length was generally reduced as NH₄ ⁺ increased. The largest reduction was observed between the 3:1 and 1:0 ratios. Ammonium nutrition had an overall negative effect on pearl millet growth. Ammonium fertilization of pearl millet under conditions that increase absorption of NH₄ ⁺ over NO₃ ^‐ may have a negative effect on pearl millet growth and development.  相似文献   

Reaction toPhytophthora infestans of potato genotypes with race-specific resistance     

K. M. ŚwieŻyński  L. Domański  S. Sobkowiak  Hanna Zarzycka 《Potato Research》1996,39(2):195-203

Summary Phytophthora infestans isolates collected in Poland in 1987–1995 were evaluated on detached leaflets of a differential series consisting of potato genotypes possessing resistance genes R1–R11. On the same differentials was evaluated over three years a highly virulentP. infestans isolate MP 245. Isolate MP 245 and those from natural populations ofP. infestans were seldom or inconsistently pathogenic to R5, R8 and R9. When leaflets of the differentials were infected with MP 245 the lesions were often small and sporulation weak. A statistically significant interaction was found between years and pathogenicity of MP 245 to individual differentials. Attempts to train the isolate MP 245 for pathogenicity to R9 were unsuccessful. The variation in specific resistance of potato genotypes may complicate the evaluation of their resistance toP. infestans, as well as the evaluation of the virulence spectrum of natural fungus populations. This variation may be due to changes in specific pathogenicity of the fungus or in specific resistance of the potato. Some differentials have a possibly useful resistance toP. infestans.  相似文献   

Advances in small millets : K.W. Riley, S.C. Gupta, A. Seatharam and J.N. Mushonga (Editors). Proceedings of the Second International Small Millets Workshop, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, April 10–12, 1991. International Science Publisher, New York, 1994. ISBN 1-881570-07-X, 557 pp., hardback, US$70     

Wayne W. Hanna 《Field Crops Research》1995,40(3):193

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Fungi as potential factors limiting natural regeneration of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in mixed-species forest stands in Poland     

Robert Jankowiak  Hanna Stępniewska  Piotr Bilański  Stephen J. Taerum 《Plant pathology》2022,71(4):805-817

Dieback of young Quercus robur seedlings can limit natural regeneration in mixed-species forest stands in Poland. The aim of this study was to examine the role of fungi in the dieback of oak seedlings in central Europe. Fungi were isolated from the stems and roots of Q. robur, from both healthy seedlings and seedlings with symptoms, that were sampled from four stands in Poland. In total, 111 distinct taxa were identified. Ascomycota was dominant, representing 95.6% of the isolates. Among the taxa identified, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Colletotrichum godetiae, Coniella quercicola, Diaporthe eres, Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata, Ilyonectria rufa, Mucor genevensis, Penicillium glandicola, Tubakia dryina, and Umbelopsis changbaiensis were most frequently isolated, and were consistently found in stems and roots of both healthy and diseased plants. The community compositions of fungi in healthy and diseased stems were similar, although Fusarium species, especially Fusarium sp. 1 (FTSC 5) and F. sporotrichioides, were found mainly in seedlings with symptoms. The pathogenicity of the most consistently isolated species from stems and roots of diseased seedlings was tested on Q. robur seedlings. F. sporotrichioides caused the largest lesions on inoculated seedlings. Six weeks after inoculation, D. eres, C. fioriniae, G. paraclavulata, T. dryina, and F. sporotrichioides killed 0%–18.8% of seedlings, while I. rufa and Ilyonectria pseudodestructans did not cause any lesions or other symptoms. This study is the first comprehensive report suggesting that massive fungal attack can lead to oak seedling dieback in mixed-species forest stands in central Europe.  相似文献   

Role of Blowing Agents in Expansion of High‐Amylose Starch Acetate During Extrusion     

Girish M. Ganjyal  Milford A. Hanna 《Cereal Chemistry》2006,83(6):577-583

High‐amylose starch acetate (DS 2) was processed in a Brabender twin‐screw extruder with ethanol and isopropanol as blowing agents at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25%. A constant temperature of 150°C, a constant screw speed of 140 rpm, and a die nozzle with diameter of 4.0 mm and length of 16.2 mm were used to study the role of blowing agents on the expansion of the extrudates. Extrudates without blowing agent shrunk considerably after exiting the die as the cells collapsed drastically after expansion. Stable radial expansion of the extrudates increased with increase in the ethanol concentration to an optimum value of 18.0 at 5% (db) ethanol concentration and decreased with further increase in the ethanol concentration. Stable radial expansion increased to a maximum of 17.0 as the concentration of isopropanol was increased to 25% (db), though the rate of increase in expansion decreased with the increase in isopropanol concentration >10%. Flashing off of blowing agents aided in removing the heat generated during extrusion. The faster the extrudate cooled, the less likely it was to shrink. SEM were used to observe the effects of concentration of blowing agents on cell morphology. Various phenomena involved during the expansion are discussed. To obtain an extrudate with high expansion and low density, isopropanol at 15–25% (db) was found most suitable in this study.  相似文献