Effects on forest products markets of second-generation biofuel production based on biomass from boreal forests: a case study from Norway     

Rafał P. Chudy  Hanne K. Sjølie  Greg S. Latta  Birger Solberg 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2019,34(3):218-227

Second-generation biofuels are often seen as essential element in the future bioeconomy strategy. Countries with extensive forest resources such as Norway often view wood as preferred bio-feedstock, yet the effects of wood demand on assortments of harvested wood and other wood-based industries are unclear. Focusing on the importance of feedstock choice, we analyse the impacts of establishing a second-generation medium-scale biofuel plant in Norway. For the analysis, a dynamic forest sector model where the choice of tree species, wood assortments, production of bioenergy, and forest industry products are explicitly included, was applied. We find the optimal biofuel feedstock mix to be dominated by softwood chips from pulpwood comprising 48% of total biomass inputs in 2030 and increasing to 67% by 2055, followed by hardwood chips from birch, comprising initially 34% of total biomass inputs and 16% by 2055. The proportion of harvest residues remained constant at about 18% over time and roundwood was not used at all for biofuel production. Despite the additional demand for chips, the single medium-scale biofuel plant will have only minor effects on existing forest industries and harvests in Norway, as the domestic impact is dampened by changes in foreign trade flows, especially of chips.  相似文献   

Commentary: a veterinary practitioner's perspective--the necessity of animal welfare expertise in today's job market     

Stabursvik H 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2005,32(4):509-510

  相似文献   

Agricultural Genomics: An Approach to Plant Protection   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Hinanit Koltai  Hanne Volpin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(2):101-108

Genomics studies, focused on whole-genome analysis, have opened up a new era for biology in general, and for agriculture in particular. Along with the use of genetic plant models and the progress in sequencing agriculturally important organisms, the combination of bioinformatics and functional genomics globally enhances agricultural genomics. These studies are likely to pave the way towards better understanding of plant–pathogen biological networks, and eventually to lead to breakthroughs in the promotion of plant resistance to agricultural pests.  相似文献   

Evaluation of piglet blood utilizing the Technicon H*1     

Egeli AK  Framstad T  Morberg H  Tverdal A 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1998,27(4):123-128

The analytic precision of an automated blood analyzer, the Technicon H*1(R), was evaluated utilizing blood samples collected from 20 piglets at 1 and 14 days of age. The effect of storing the blood samples at 4 degrees C for 24 and 48 hours also was determined. Blood samples were analyzed twice on the first day and once on each of the subsequent tow days. Within-sample coefficient of variation was approximately 1% for hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, mean cell volume, erythrocyte distribution width and hemoglobin distribution width (HDW); and approximately 5% for total leukocyte (WBC), neutrophils and lymphocyte counts. Mean HDW and automated differential WBC counts changed during storage to a degree that could be of clinical importance. Manual determination of differential WBC counts were compared with those obtained from the automated analyzer. Results correlated well for neutrophils (r=0.92 in 1-day-old and r=0.93 in 14-day-old piglets, P<0.001) and lymphocytes (r=0.85 in 1-day-old and r=0.93 in 14-day-old piglets, P<0.001). Other WBC values were too low to compare reasonably.  相似文献   

The supplementary value of different parts of enset (Ensete ventricosum) to sheep fed wheat straw and Desmodium intortum hay     

Ajebu Nurfeta  Adugna Tolera  Lars O. Eik  Frik Sundstl 《Livestock Science》2008,119(1-3):22-30

A study which included growth and digestibility experiments was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of a) enset pseudostem, b) enset corm or c) enset mixture (containing equal amounts of pseudostem, corm and enset leaf on a DM basis) as a supplement to a basal diet of wheat straw fed ad libitum and restricted amounts of Desmodium intortum (Desmodium) hay to sheep. During the 71-day growth experiment, 18 one-year-old male sheep of indigenous breed with mean body weight (BW) of 20.2 (± 0.43) kg were randomly assigned to the three treatments. In the digestibility experiment, three male sheep with mean BW of 19.5 (± 1.06) kg were assigned to each treatment. Sheep supplemented with enset mixture consumed more (P < 0.001) wheat straw DM (335 g/day) than those supplemented with pseudostem (295 g/day). No differences were found in total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake between diets supplemented with pseudostem, corm and enset mixture. Total nitrogen (N) intake (g/day) was higher (P = 0.0073) in sheep fed the diet with enset mixture (12.2) followed by corm (11.3) and pseudostem (10.7). The apparent digestibility of DM was higher (P < 0.001) in pseudostem (0.53) followed by corm (0.46) and enset mixture (0.41) supplemented sheep. Organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and N digestibility were similar among treatments. The amount of N lost in urine and faeces and the N-retention was similar among treatments. There were no differences in gain/day in sheep fed diets with pseudostem (29.3 g), corm (27.0 g) and enset mixture (36.5 g). It is concluded that supplementation of a wheat straw/Desmodium diet with enset fractions could be used equally at least to maintain body weight during the dry season.  相似文献   

Quality control using a multilevel logistic model for the Danish pig Salmonella surveillance antibody-ELISA programme     

Bak H  Ekeroth L  Houe H 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,78(2):130-141

In Denmark, the level of Salmonella infection in pig herds is monitored with a surveillance programme using an indirect antibody ELISA. Our purpose with the present study was to determine whether sample results from the programme were useful in the quality control of this ELISA. Test results from the year 2003, in which the laboratory experienced a technical problem with an automatic microtitre-plate washing machine, were examined statistically. We chose 3 months for the analysis: January, where the problem was moderate, June with the problem more serious, and November, where the problem had been solved. A logistic analysis was carried out with outcome 0 for a negative test result and 1 for a positive test result. Row and column on the microtitre plates, multiprobe robot, and their interactions were included as fixed effects, and date, plate, and slaughterhouse were included as random effects. Backward elimination was carried out using alpha=0.05 to achieve a final model for each month. The row and the column were significant in January and June, and a robot effect was also included in the model for January. In June, an interaction between row and column was identified. In November, none of the fixed effects was significant. Breaking the months January and June into shorter time intervals showed that the row and column effects were significant also when data were from only 1 week, whereas the robot main effect was not significant in most periods and the interaction effects were not significant throughout. Analysis of the test results from the wells with test samples gave good information on systematic errors across the microtitre plates, and severe errors appeared significant even when data from short time periods were used.  相似文献   

Molecular markers to exploit genotype–environment interactions of relevance in organic growing systems     

Gunter Backes  Hanne Østergård 《Euphytica》2008,163(3):523-531

One of the substantial differences between conventional and organic growing systems is the degree to which the farmer can control biotic and abiotic stresses; for organic growing systems varieties are needed with a broad adaptation to annually varying factors, while at the same time a good specific adaptation is necessary with respect to more constant climate and soil conditions. This combination of requirements implies that varieties for organic farming need to be better characterised with respect to genotype × environment interactions than varieties for conventional farming. Such interactions, which often are found for quantitatively expressed traits, are in general difficult to deal with in phenotypic selection. New approaches for QTL analyses (e.g. using physiological models) facilitate estimation of effects of genes on a trait (the phenotype) as a response to environmental influences. From such analyses, markers can be identified which may help to predict the trait expression of a plant genotype in relation to defined environmental factors. The application of markers to select for loci with specific interactions with the environment could, therefore, be especially important for plant breeders targeting organic farming systems.  相似文献   

Stable isotope profiling for large‐scale evaluation of feed efficiency in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)     

Hanne Dvergedal  Jrgen degrd  Liv Torunn Mydland  Margareth verland  Jon vrum Hansen  Ragnhild Martinsen nestad  Gunnar Klemetsdal 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(4):1153-1161

In growing animals, individual variation in feed efficiency may arise from individual differences in growth rate and protein metabolism. Over a period of time, these factors will affect the ratio between ‘new’ vs. ‘old’ protein, which can be quantified using isotope profiling. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between relative weight gain and atom percentage excess ¹⁵N in the muscle, liver and mid‐intestine. A 50‐day experiment was conducted with a total of 375 fish initially fed a standard diet, subsequently replaced by one out of five experimental diets, enriched with ¹⁵N. In general, fast‐growing fish are expected to have a better feed efficiency, and the results show that this is captured by isotope profiling in liver and muscle tissues. Furthermore, individual variation in isotope content, that is relative fraction of ‘new’ protein, among fish with comparable growth rates was observed, most expressed around ~50% isotope saturation, indicating differences in protein degradation and replacement not attributed to growth. The results suggest that isotope profiles can be used as individual indicator traits for feed efficiency and that inclusion levels of stable isotopes of 1%–2% gave the most reliable results.  相似文献   

Frost hardening and dehardening in Abies procera and other conifers under differing temperature regimes and warm-spell treatments     

Norgaard Nielsen  C. Christian; Rasmussen  Hanne N. 《Forestry》2009,82(1):43-59

Frequent bud frost damage in cultivation of Abies procera Rehderand pending climate changes are the background for this studyof cold hardiness under varying acclimation regime (in closed-topchambers) and experimental warm spells during the cold season.LT₅₀ values were established by freezing tests at differenttimes of year. Damage and deaths were assessed on leader buds,subapical lateral buds, needles and cambium. Minor parallelexperiments involved Abies nordmanniana, Picea abies and Piceasitchensis. Lower acclimation temperatures resulted in deeperfrost hardiness during late autumn but less during spring, comparedwith ambient temperature controls. Elevated temperatures resultedin less deep frost resistance. Apical buds generally developeddeeper frost hardiness than lateral buds but less deep thanthe cambium, varying with species, however. Frost damage inbuds ranged from death over partially destroyed bud contentsresulting in distorted shoots to buds seemingly remaining dormant.Responses to warm spells differed with duration, timing andspecies, ranging from dramatic decrease in frost hardiness withor without subsequent recovery to no reaction. Furthermore,the reactions did not show any clear relation to dormancy level.For A. procera, exposure to fluctuating temperatures appearedto be particularly problematic. This explains why this speciesdevelops best in coastal climates, and in sites sheltered fromtemperature extremes either by hedging, a winter snow cover,or topography. The Christmas tree production will suffer severelyon sites with harsh temperatures due to losses of lateral andterminal buds, which destroy the crown symmetry. Clipping ofgreenery is less influenced by frost damages, although the developmentof normal branch whorls is often disturbed.  相似文献   

Campylobacter jejuni induces an anti-inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway     

Yi-Ping Li  Christina S. Vegge  Lone Brøndsted  Mogens Madsen  Hanne Ingmer  Dang Duong Bang 《Veterinary microbiology》2011

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is the most common cause of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Poultry is a major reservoir of C. jejuni and considered an important source of human infections, thus, it is important to understand the host response to C. jejuni from chicken origin. In this study, we demonstrated firstly that a chicken isolate SC11 colonized chicks faster than clinical isolate NCTC11168. Using the SC11, we further studied the host responds to C. jejuni in terms of inflammatory response and involvement of cellular signaling pathways. Infection of C. jejuni SC11 was able to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and induce pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in human intestinal epithelial cell line Colo 205. The signalling pathways PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK and p38 were involved in C. jejuni-induced IL-8 and IL-10 expression. Inhibition of PI3K resulted in augmentation of C. jejuni-induced IL-8 production, concomitant with down-regulation of IL-10 mRNA, indicating an anti-inflammatory response was activated and associated with the activation of P13K/Akt. Similar effect was observed for cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) deficient mutants. Moreover, we demonstrated that heat-killed bacteria were able to induce IL-8 and IL-10 expression to a lower level than live bacteria. We therefore conclude that C. jejuni activate a PI3K/Akt-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells which may benefit the intracellular survival of C. jejuni during infection.  相似文献