The Evolution of Certified Teak Grower Groups in Luang Prabang,Lao PDR: An Action Research Approach     

Stuart Ling  Hilary Smith  Lamphoune Xaysavongsa  Richard Laity 《Small-Scale Forestry》2018,17(3):343-360

Tree grower groups have been promoted by governments and development programs worldwide as a means to generate income and improve the livelihoods of smallholders by generating economies of scale and improving their bargaining power. In Luang Prabang province, Lao PDR, three plantation teak grower groups were examined using an action research approach over a 4-year period between 2013 and 2016, with the aim of fostering improved returns to group members. At the beginning of the study, it was observed that despite the existence of a price premium from certification, the unpredictable nature of sales, complex government regulations and the small contribution of teak to total household incomes combined to thwart efforts by the group to sell trees on the regular basis that would make membership worthwhile for growers. An intervention by group members and researchers to develop an internally funded enterprise unit within the group structure which added value to local timber proved to be technically feasible, although it is still too early to judge its sustainability. However, this opportunity did not immediately benefit smallholders since high entry costs, poor technical knowledge and low financial transparency dissuaded group members from buying shares in the enterprise. Improved returns to smallholders will likely occur in time as a result of local enterprises paying higher prices for timber, rather than through active group membership.  相似文献   

Topographical Anatomy of the Equine M. Cutaneus Trunci in Relation to the Position of the Saddle and Girth     

Alexandra van Iwaarden  Narelle C. Stubbs  Hilary M. Clayton 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012

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Validation of the Coulter AcT Diff hematology analyzer for analysis of blood of common domestic animals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dawson H  Hoff B  Grift E  Tvedten H  Shoukri M 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2000,29(4):132-136

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare and assess the agreement between the Coulter AcT Diff hematology analyzer (CAD) and the Bayer Technicon H1 (H1) using blood samples from 391 animals of 4 species. The H1 has been used in veterinary laboratories for many years. Recently, Coulter modified the CAD and added veterinary software for hematologic analysis of feline, canine, and equine samples. A comparison of hemograms from dogs, cats, horses, and cattle was made using EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples. Both instruments were calibrated using human blood products. Performance characteristics were excellent for most values. The exceptions were MCV in canine samples (concordance correlation of .710), platelet counts for feline and equine samples (.258 and .740, respectively), feline and bovine WBC counts (.863 and .857, respectively), and bovine hemoglobin (.876).  相似文献   

Paleoecology. The rise and fall of forests     

Birks HJ  Birks HH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5683):484-485

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Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia ("hyperelastosis cutis") in 50 horses: clinical, histological, immunohistological and ultrastructural findings     

White SD  Affolter VK  Bannasch DL  Schultheiss PC  Hamar DW  Chapman PL  Naydan D  Spier SJ  Rosychuk RA  Rees C  Veneklasen GO  Martin A  Bevier D  Jackson HA  Bettenay S  Matousek J  Campbell KL  Ihrke PJ 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(4):207-217

Data on fifty horses with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA; "hyperelastosis cutis") were collected on clinical, histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistological findings. All horses were Quarter horses or of Quarter horse ancestry. Pedigree evaluation strongly supported an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The most common lesions were seromas/haematomas, open wounds, sloughing skin, and loose, easily tented skin that did not return to its initial position. Definitive diagnosis could not be made via histopathology, although the presence of tightly grouped thin and shortened collagen fibres arranged in clusters in the deep dermis was suggestive of the disease. Trichrome, acid orcein-Giemsa and immunohistochemical stains for collagens I and III showed no consistent abnormalities compared to control horses; an increase in elastic fibres was not a consistent finding. Electron microscopy showed no abnormalities in the periodicity of the collagen bundles; neither orientation nor variation of cross-section diameter of the collagen fibrils differentiated control from affected horses. The diagnosis of HERDA relies on clinical presentation, but may be supported by suggestive (although not pathognomonic) histopathological lesions.  相似文献   

The force plate: established technology, new applications     

Clayton HM 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2005,169(1):15-16

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Vesicular cutaneous lupus.     

Hilary A Jackson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2006,36(1):251-5, ix

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Effects of an adenosine kinase inhibitor and an adenosine deaminase inhibitor on accumulation of extracellular adenosine by equine articular chondrocytes     

Tesch AM  MacDonald MH  Kollias-Baker C  Benton HP 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(11):1512-1519

OBJECTIVE: To investigate accumulation of extracellular adenosine (ADO) by equine articular chondrocytes and to compare effects of adenosine kinase inhibition and adenosine deaminase inhibition on the amount of nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chondrocytes. SAMPLE POPULATION: Articular cartilage from metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of 14 horses. PROCEDURE: Chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers, and cells were incubated with LPS, the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5'-iodotubercidin (ITU), or the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine hydrochloride (EHNA). Concentrations of ADO in cell supernatants were measured by use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Effect of inhibition of enzymatic metabolism of ADO on induced NO production was evaluated by exposing cells to a combination of LPS and ITU or LPS and EHNA. RESULTS: Articular chondrocytes accumulated extracellular ADO when exposed to LPS or ITU. Chondrocytes exposed to ITU accumulated ADO in a time-dependent manner. Unstimulated chondrocytes did not accumulate ADO. Similarly, EHNA alone did not produce detectable ADO concentrations; however, addition of EHNA and ITU resulted in a synergistic effect on accumulation of ADO. Lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production was more effectively suppressed by exposure to ITU than to EHNA CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Equine articular chondrocytes release ADO in response to the proinflammatory stimulus of bacterial LPS. Inhibition of the metabolism of ADO increases accumulation of extracellular ADO. Autocrine release of ADO from chondrocytes may play a role in the cellular response to tissue damage in arthritic conditions, and pharmacologic modulation of these pathways in joints of arthritic horses could be a potential method of therapy.  相似文献   

Question diagnostic technique for hip dysplasia     

Smith GK  Biery DN  Kapatkin AS  Laster LL  Powers MY  Fordyce HH  Mayhew PD 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(1):20-1; author reply 21-2

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Cinematographic analysis of the gait of lame horses II: Chronic sesamoiditis     

Hilary M. Clayton BVMS  PhD  MRCVS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1986,6(6):310-320

The gait characteristics of a horse with chronic sesamoiditis of the left forelimb are described. On physical examination the affected metacarpophalangeal joint was foundto be enlarged. Extensive fibrosis on the palmar surface of the proximal sesamoid bones and in the suspensory ligament resulted in a reduced range of movement in the joint At rest the horsepointed the left toe and was reluctant to bear weight on that limb. Observation at the trot revealed an obvious head nod on the sound right diagonal. During the left diagonal stance phasethe head and neck were raised, the LF fetlock was held in a rigid upright position, and hyperextension of the joint was restricted.

Cinematographic analysis showed that the LF had a longer stance phase than the RF, due to anincreased anterior phase combined with a slower breakover (p<0.01). At the end of its stance phase the LF overlapped with both the RF and LH, so there was no left suspension. The rightdiagonal stance phase was followed by a short suspension before impact of the LF. With regard to linear measurements the horse took a longer step from the RF to LF and from the RH to LHthan for the contralateral pairs (p<0.01). As a result the distance between the RF and LH inthe right diagonal stance phase was significantly less than that between the LF and RH in the left diagonal stance phase (p<0.01).

Kinematic analysis showed that the sound RF made flat foot impact with the ground, whereas, at the end of the swing phase, the LF toe flipped up and impact was heel first The neck was elevated during the early part of the LF stance phase, until the limb had passed the midstance position when the poll fell, reaching its lowest level at the RF midstance position. Author's address: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.  相似文献