Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans     

Muegge BD  Kuczynski J  Knights D  Clemente JC  González A  Fontana L  Henrissat B  Knight R  Gordon JI 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6032):970-974

Coevolution of mammals and their gut microbiota has profoundly affected their radiation into myriad habitats. We used shotgun sequencing of microbial community DNA and targeted sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes to gain an understanding of how microbial communities adapt to extremes of diet. We sampled fecal DNA from 33 mammalian species and 18 humans who kept detailed diet records, and we found that the adaptation of the microbiota to diet is similar across different mammalian lineages. Functional repertoires of microbiome genes, such as those encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and proteases, can be predicted from bacterial species assemblages. These results illustrate the value of characterizing vertebrate gut microbiomes to understand host evolutionary histories at a supraorganismal level.  相似文献   

Morpho-pomological and chemical characterization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes in Apulia region,Southeastern Italy     

Giuseppe Ferrara  Ivana Cavoski  Andrea Pacifico  Luigi Tedone  Donato Mondelli 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

A recent increasing demand in Western countries for pomegranate products by consumers is especially supported for the nutritional and medicinal characteristics, due to the antioxidant properties of this fruit. Some studies have been published on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of pomegranate fruits in some Mediterranean countries, but little information is available about the genotypes present in Italy and in particular in Apulia (Southeastern region of Italy). This study (2008–2009) evaluated morpho-pomological and chemical parameters of eight pomegranate genotypes localized in private small orchards. Significant differences were observed among the pomegranate genotypes for many of the parameters investigated. In particular, fruit weight ranged from 168.9 g (SouMol) to 574.9 g (SouOst), °Brix from 14.7 (ComTri) to 18.0 (SouMol), titratable acidity from 5.4 (ComMol) to 25.0 (SouTri) g/L. SouMol showed the highest polyphenols (97.1 mg/L) and vitamin C (236.3 mg/L) contents. Oil content of the seeds was between 5.90% and 10.30%, no differences have been observed for the fatty acid composition with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers as the most abundant fraction (81.23%). Considering all the evaluated parameters, and especially those referring to the organoleptic characteristics and antioxidants content, it must be stated that the best genotypes worthy to be considered from agricultural and industrial points of view were AdeSgi for fresh market and SouOst for the juice industry.  相似文献   

Volatiles from leaves,fruits, and virgin oil from Olea europaea Cv. Olivastra Seggianese from Italy     

Flamini G  Cioni PL  Morelli I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1382-1386

The volatiles produced by leaves and fruits of Olea europaea cv. Olivastra Seggianese have been analyzed in two different phenological stages. Furthermore, the volatiles of the virgin olive oil obtained from ripe fruits has been characterized. The volatiles were sampled by means of two different techniques: hydrodistillation and SPME. Differences were observed between the two different collection times, the different organs, and sampling techniques. The major constituents were often aldehydes, particularly (E)-2-hexenal (9.8-48.0%); however, also many terpenoids have been identified, mainly (E,E)-alpha-farnesene (0.2-27.0%), linalool (0-3.6%), beta-caryophyllene (0-8.1%), and valencene (0-2.5%). This is the first investigation on this cultivar.  相似文献   

Characterization of the anthocyanin fraction of sicilian blood orange juice by micro-HPLC-ESI/MS   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Dugo P  Mondello L  Morabito D  Dugo G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1173-1176

Anthocyanins of red orange juices were analyzed by micro-HPLC coupled on-line with an MS detector equipped with an ESI source. The use of microcolumn HPLC greatly enhanced detection performance, allowing direct identification of the anthocyanins present in the orange juices. The use of a soft ionization technique allows detection of the molecular ions of the aglycons. Eight components were identified, five of them for the first time in red orange juice. Three additional anthocyanins were detected, of which only the aglycon was identified.  相似文献   

Hydrogen peroxide localization and antioxidant status in the recovery of apricot plants from European Stone Fruit Yellows     

Rita?MusettiEmail author  Luigi?Sanità?di Toppi  Marta?Martini  Francesca?Ferrini  Alberto?Loschi  Maria?Augusta?Favali  Ruggero?Osler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,112(1):53-61

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) localization and roles of peroxidases, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione were compared in leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) plants asymptomatic, European Stone Fruits Yellows (ESFY)-symptomatic and recovered. Nested PCR analysis revealed that Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum, is present in asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered apricot trees, confirming previous observations on this species, in which recovery does not seem to be related to the disappearance of phytoplasma from the plant.H₂O₂was detected cytochemically by its reaction with cerium chloride, which produces electron-dense deposits of cerium perhydroxides. H₂O₂was present in the plasmalemma of the phloem cells of recovered apricot plant leaves, but not in the asymptomatic or symptomatic material. Furthermore, by labelling apricot leaf tissues with diaminobenzidine DAB, no differences were found in the localization of peroxidases.Protein content in asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered leaves was not significantly different from one another. In contrast, guaiacol peroxidase activity had the following trend: symptomatic > recovered > asymptomatic, whereas reduced glutathione content followed the opposite trend: asymptomatic > recovered > symptomatic. Moreover, no differences were observed in malondialdehyde concentrations between asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered leaves. The overall results suggest that H₂O₂ and related metabolites and enzymes appear to be involved in lessening both pathogen virulence and disease symptom expression in ESFY-infected apricot plants.  相似文献   

Response of bovine foetal intestine to cholinergic agents during embryogenesis     

Gian Luigi Stracciari 《Veterinary research communications》1979,3(1):57-63

The reactivity of bovine foetal intestine to some acetylcholine derivatives is compared with the response to acetylcholine. Qualitatively similar responses are observed between the bovine intestine after mid-foetal life and intestinal tissue from adult animals. A lower reactivity of the foetal preparations could be partly explained by the existence of different levels of cholinesterase in the tissues at different times during embryogenesis. Foetal intestine reacts with different intensity to the cholinergic agents tested.

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Kurzfassung Man studiert die Reaktion des Fötusdarmes von Rind auf einige Azethylcholin Derivate im Vergleich mit Azethylcholin. Das Studium erklärt dass der nach der Mitte des embryonalen Lebens Rinddarm und der von erwachsenen Tieren Darm, auf gleiche Weise sich betragen. Eine kleinere Reaktion der Fötuspräparate möchte mit der Anwesenheit von verschiedenen Cholinesterase Konzentrationen in den Geweben während der embryonalen Entwicklung, teilweise erklärt werden. Der Fötusdarm reagiert auf die cholinergischen geprüften Mittel mit verschiedener Intensität.

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Resume L'A. étude la réactivité de l'intestin foetal de boeuf à quelques dérivés de l'acétylcholine en comparaison du médiateur cholinergique. Qualitativement des réponses similaires ont été observées dans l'intestin aprés la moitié de la vie foetale et celui des animaux adults. La plus petite réactivité des préparations foetales pourrait être expliquée partiellement par l'existence de concentrations différentes de cholinestérase tissulaire dans de différentes périodes du dévelopement embryonnaire. L'intestin foetal réagit avec diverse intensité aux médicaments cholinergiques éxaminés.

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Riassunto L'A. studia la reattività dell'intestino fetale bovino ad alcuni derivati dell'acetilcolina paragonandola con la risposta evocata dal mediatore colinergico. Qualitativamente vengono riscontrate risposte simili tra l'intestino bovino proveniente da feti che hanno superato la metà della vita embrionale e quello di animali adulti. La minore reattività dei preparati fetali potrebbe essere parzialmente interpretata dal reperimento di differenti concentrazioni di colinesterasi tessutali a tempi diversi di sviluppo embrionale. L'intestino fetale reagisce con diversa intensità agli agenti colinergici saggiati.

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Infrared spectroscopy of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples returned by Stardust     

Keller LP  Bajt S  Baratta GA  Borg J  Bradley JP  Brownlee DE  Busemann H  Brucato JR  Burchell M  Colangeli L  d'Hendecourt L  Djouadi Z  Ferrini G  Flynn G  Franchi IA  Fries M  Grady MM  Graham GA  Grossemy F  Kearsley A  Matrajt G  Nakamura-Messenger K  Mennella V  Nittler L  Palumbo ME  Stadermann FJ  Tsou P  Rotundi A  Sandford SA  Snead C  Steele A  Wooden D  Zolensky M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1728-1731

Infrared spectra of material captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft reveal indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons similar to those in interplanetary dust particles thought to be derived from comets, but with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. Similarly, the Stardust samples contain abundant amorphous silicates in addition to crystalline silicates such as olivine and pyroxene. The presence of crystalline silicates in Wild 2 is consistent with mixing of solar system and interstellar matter. No hydrous silicates or carbonate minerals were detected, which suggests a lack of aqueous processing of Wild 2 dust.  相似文献   

Organics captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft     

Sandford SA  Aléon J  Alexander CM  Araki T  Bajt S  Baratta GA  Borg J  Bradley JP  Brownlee DE  Brucato JR  Burchell MJ  Busemann H  Butterworth A  Clemett SJ  Cody G  Colangeli L  Cooper G  D'Hendecourt L  Djouadi Z  Dworkin JP  Ferrini G  Fleckenstein H  Flynn GJ  Franchi IA  Fries M  Gilles MK  Glavin DP  Gounelle M  Grossemy F  Jacobsen C  Keller LP  Kilcoyne AL  Leitner J  Matrajt G  Meibom A  Mennella V  Mostefaoui S  Nittler LR  Palumbo ME  Papanastassiou DA  Robert F  Rotundi A  Snead CJ  Spencer MK  Stadermann FJ  Steele A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1720-1724

Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples.  相似文献   

Effects of milk feeding, frequency and concentration on weaning and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calf growth, health and behaviour     

Domenico Vecchio  Rossella Di Palo  Esterina De Carlo  Luigi Esposito  Giorgio Antonio Presicce  Alessandra Martucciello  Emilio Chiosi  Pasquale Rossi  Gianluca Neglia  Giuseppe Campanile 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(8):1697-1702

Growth, weight at birth and daily weight gain (DWG) on 12 water buffalo calves, starting from 6 days of age until completion of weaning, was investigated in this study. Different feeding regimens were given to two groups of animals with regard to daily milk replacer: (1) group 1 (G1) received a double concentration in single administration; whereas (2) group 2 (G2) received the same amount of milk replacer split twice daily. Blood samples were collected from each calf on days 6, 30, 60 and 90 to evaluate acute phase proteins (haptoglobin), bactericide activity, lysozime, total protein content and biochemical parameters. No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of dry matter intake, feed efficiency and live body weight at the end of the study. Interestingly, a significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced DWG was observed earlier in G1 (day 45) than in G2 (day 60). Gastrointestinal disorders were not recorded throughout the experimental period, and no significant differences were recorded between the two groups for all considered parameters. This study confirms the possibility of utilising one daily administration of milk replacer in water buffalo calf during weaning. This new approach facilitates calves management, without interfering with calves growing performances.  相似文献   

Design and Synthesis of Pro-Apoptotic Compounds Inspired by Diatom Oxylipins     

Giovanna Romano  Emiliano Manzo  Gian Luigi Russo  Giuliana d’Ippolito  Adele Cutignano  Maria Russo  Angelo Fontana 《Marine drugs》2013,11(11):4527-4543

Oxylipins are a large and diverse family of fatty acid derivatives exhibiting different levels of oxidation of the carbon chain. They are involved in many biological functions in mammals, plants and diatoms. In this last group of organisms, they are suggested to play a role in the reproductive failure of copepod predators, showing clear pro-apoptotic effects on newborn nauplii. In this work, these compounds were tested for the ability to induce mitotic arrest in sea urchin embryos. We show for the first time that oxylipins have an increased efficacy in their corresponding methylated form. Natural oxylipins were also used as an inspiration for the rational design and synthesis of stable chemical analogs with apoptotic activity against tumor cell lines. This approach led to the synthesis of the linear C15-ketol (22) that was shown to induce apoptosis in human leukemia U-937 cells. These results are proof of the concept of the use of eco-physiological considerations as a platform to guide the search for novel drug candidates.  相似文献