Carbon potentials of different biochars derived from municipal solid waste in a saline soil     

Hamna SALEEM  Mahtab AHMAD  Jamshaid RASHID  Munir AHMAD  Mohammad I. AL-WABEL  Memuna AMIN 《土壤圈》2022,32(2):283-293

There are numerous studies conducted on biochar for its carbon (C) sequestration potential;however,there are limited studies available on the behavior of salt-affected soils related to biochar application.Therefore,more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which biochar affects saline soil properties.In this study,biochars were produced from solid waste at pyrolysis temperatures of 300,500,and 700?C (BC300,BC500,and BC700,respectively)and applied to a saline soil to evaluate their impacts on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux,C sequestration,and soil quality.A soil incubation experiment lasting for 107 d was conducted.The results showed that soil CO₂ efflux rate,cumulative CO₂ emission,active organic C (AOC),and organic matter (OM)significantly increased with BC300 application to a greater extent than those with BC500 and BC700 as compared to those in the no-biochar control (CK).However,soil C non-lability did not significantly increase in the treatments with biochars,except BC700,as compared to that in CK.Besides improving the soil quality by increasing the soil AOC and OM,BC300 showed positive impacts in terms of increasing CO₂ emission from the saline soil,while BC500 and BC700 showed greater potentials of sequestering C in the saline soil by increasing the soil non-labile C fraction.The recalcitrance index (R50) values of BC500 and BC700 were>0.8,indicating their high stability in the saline soil.It could be concluded that biochars pyrolyzed at high temperatures (?500?C)could be suitable in terms of C sequestration,while biochars pyrolyzed at low temperatures (?300?C) could be suitable for improving saline soil quality.  相似文献   

Infectivity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens and wild terrestrial birds     

Munir Iqbal  Tahir Yaqub  Nadia Mukhtar  Muhammad Z Shabbir  John W McCauley 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):100

Genetic changes in avian influenza viruses influence their infectivity, virulence and transmission. Recently we identified a novel genotype of H9N2 viruses in widespread circulation in poultry in Pakistan that contained polymerases (PB2, PB1 and PA) and non-structural (NS) gene segments identical to highly pathogenic H7N3 viruses. Here, we investigated the potential of these viruses to cause disease and assessed the transmission capability of the virus within and between poultry and wild terrestrial avian species. Groups of broilers, layers, jungle fowl, quail, sparrows or crows were infected with a representative strain (A/chicken/UDL-01/08) of this H9N2 virus and then mixed with naïve birds of the same breed or species, or different species to examine transmission. With the exception of crows, all directly inoculated and contact birds showed clinical signs, varying in severity with quail showing the most pronounced clinical signs. Virus shedding was detected in all infected birds, with quail showing the greatest levels of virus secretion, but only very low levels of virus were found in directly infected crow samples. Efficient virus intra-species transmission was observed within each group with the exception of crows in which no evidence of transmission was seen. Interspecies transmission was examined between chickens and sparrows and vice versa and efficient transmission was seen in either direction. These results highlight the ease of spread of this group of H9N2 viruses between domesticated poultry and sparrows and show that sparrows need to be considered as a high risk species for transmitting H9N2 viruses between premises.  相似文献   

Prevalence, molecular diagnosis and treatment of Mycoplasma conjunctivae isolated from infectious keratoconjunctivitis affected Lohi sheep maintained at Livestock Experiment Station, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan     

Waseem Shahzad  Rashid Munir  Mohammad Younus Rana  Rashid Ahmad  Mohammad Sarwar Khan  Ghulam Akbar  Mohammad Ijaz  Fayyaz Mehmood 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(3):737-742

Mycoplasma conjunctivae are etiological agents of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), commonly known as pink-eye in domestic sheep, goats and other wild animals in many parts of the world. A few young Lohi lambs maintained at Livestock Experiment Station (LES), Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan showed clinical signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis, keratitis, severe lacrimation and varying degree of blindness. During January to March, 2011, a total of 36 ocular swabs were collected from IKC affected animals and were processed for isolation, identification, and characterization of M. conjunctivae. Sixteen (44.44 %) out of 36 samples showed turbidity in PPLO broth. Twelve (75 %) out of 16 broth samples showed colony growth on PPLO agar. All 16 (44.44 %) out of 36 turbid broth samples, 12 (75 %) out of 16 cultured on agar plate samples, and 21 (59 %) out of 36 sheep ocular direct swab samples were found positive for M. conjunctivae through polymerase chain reaction test by using M. conjunctivae-specific primer pair McoF1 and McoR1 and detecting a 750 base pair fragment on agarose gel. Topical application of 0.5 % sterile solution of gentamycin (100 mg/ml) (Gentafar 10 %, FARVET, Netherlands) proved suitable for the treatment of IKC in Lohi lambs as all clinical signs of IKC disappeared after 5 days of treatment with this antibiotic. This is the first report about the prevalence, molecular diagnosis, and treatment of M. conjunctivae in Lohi sheep affected with infectious keratoconjunctivitis at LES, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan.  相似文献   

Comparative efficacy of Ovaprim and hMG (menotropin) to induce breeding in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)     

Ameer  Muhammad Wajahat  Jabeen  Farhat  Asad  Muhammad  Kaukab  Ghazala  Bashir  Amnah  Rasheed  Misha  Younis  Hafsa  Munir  Naveed  Nawaz  Javaria  Zainab  Rida  Akram  Muhammad 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2021,47(5):1559-1564

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - The applications of exogenous hormones in different species for the induction of oocyte production, final oocyte maturation (FOM), and spawning for their...  相似文献   

控制庭院式散养家禽的禽流感感染是一项具有挑战性的工作     

Munir Iqbal  李政萍  丁博文 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2010,30(2):30-31

<正>近些年,多个禽流感(Avian Influenza,AI)亚型(主要为H5N1和H9N2,还有H7N1、H7N3和H7N7)对商业化养禽场和庭院式散养禽造成了难以估计的经济损失。为了  相似文献   

A survey of ixodid ticks feeding on cattle and prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in the Black Sea region of Turkey     

Aktas M  Altay K  Ozubek S  Dumanli N 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,187(3-4):567-571

The study reports the frequency of infestation and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in feeding adult ticks detached from cattle in two climatic zones of the Black Sea region of Turkey. A total of 2160 adult ticks were collected during 2007-2008. Of these, 1062 were randomly selected, divided into 224 pools, and tested for the presence of bovine Theileria, Babesia, and Anaplasma species. Eleven tick species were recognized on cattle in the study. Hyalomma marginatum was widely disrubuted in the semi-arid bioclimatic zone, but few specimens were collected in the humid bioclimatic zone. The most prevalent tick species in the humid climatic zone was Ixodes ricinus. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 4% (CI 2.87-5.44) of 224 tick pools were found to be positive for the pathoges by Reverse line blot. Maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate varied among tick species, ranging from 2.68% (CI 0.16-12.68) in Haemaphysalis sulcata to 10.49% (CI 4.07-23.66) in Rhipicephalus bursa. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen was Anaplasma phagocytophilum at 6.78% (CI 3.41-12.18) followed by A. centrale (6.56%, CI 0.42-31.47), Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. (3.61%, CI 1.99-6.06), Babesia spp. (3.33%, CI 1.65-6.03), and T. buffeli/orientalis (2.71%, CI 0.73-7.18). Sequencing results indicated that Babesia spp. shared 99% to 100% similarity with the unnamed Babesia sp. Kashi 1 and 2, Babesia sp. Kayseri 1 and Babesia sp.CS58. Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. were 98% and 100% identical to Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia sp. Omatjenne strain, respectively.  相似文献   

Removal of Nickel onto Alkali Treated Rice Bran     

Zafar  Muhammad Nadeem  Abbas  Imran  Nadeem  Raziya  Sheikh  Munir Ahmad  Ghauri  Muhammad Afzal 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,197(1-4):361-370

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Different bases were used for the pretreatment of Rice bran biomass. Pretreatment with bases such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 were found to improve biosorption...  相似文献   

Screening of tomato genotypes for salinity tolerance based on early growth attributes and leaf inorganic osmolytes     

Muhammad Ahsan Raza  Asif Saeed  Hassan Munir  Khurram Ziaf  Amir Shakeel  Nadeem Saeed 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(4):501-512

The experiment containing three replicates of completely randomized factorial treatments was conducted in a glasshouse under controlled conditions with three simulated soil salinity levels (control, 10 and 15 dS m^?1). Morpho-physiological traits (i.e. lengths, fresh weights and dry weights of root and shoot, number of leaves, root/shoot ratio, shoot Na⁺ accumulation, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio, membrane stability index, lycopene contents, chlorophyll-a and -b) were recorded to determine mechanism of salt tolerance of tomato at seedling stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to express a three-way interaction of genotype × salinity level × traits that scattered the 25 tomato genotypes based on their morpho-physiological response to different NaCl levels. The negative association of Na⁺ with all other traits except root/shoot ratio and the morpho-physiological response trend of genotypes exposed that probable mechanism of salt tolerance was initially Na⁺ exclusion by abscising older leaves to have younger physiologically energetic, and lastly a higher activity of plants for root development to sustain them in saline soil. PCA three-way biplot efficiently recognized ANAHU, LA-2821, LO-2752, LO-2707, PB-017909, LO-2831-23 and 017860 as salt tolerant genotypes. On the other hand, ZARNITZA, GLACIER, LO-2692, LO-2576, BL-1079, 006233, 006232, 017856, NUTYT-701 and NAGINA were found to be salt susceptible.  相似文献   

Annual and Seasonal Variations of Trace Metals in Atmospheric Suspended Particulate Matter in Islamabad, Pakistan     

Munir H. Shah  N. Shaheen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,190(1-4):13-25

Total Suspended particulate matter (TSP) in urban atmosphere of Islamabad was collected using a high volume sampling technique for a period of one year. The nitric acid–perchloric acid extraction method was used and the metal contents were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest mean concentration was found for Ca at 4.531 µg/m³, followed by Na (3.905 µg/m³), Fe (2.464 µg/m³), Zn (2.311 µg/m³), K (2.086 µg/m³), Mg (0.962 µg/m³), Cu (0.306 µg/m³), Sb (0.157 µg/m³), Pb (0.144 µg/m³) and Sr (0.101 µg/m³). On an average basis, the decreasing metal concentration trend was: Ca > Na > Fe > Zn > K > Mg > Cu > Sb > Pb > Sr > Mn > Co > Ni > Cr > Li > Cd ≈ Ag. The TSP levels varied from a minimum of 41.8 to a maximum of 977 µg/m³, with a mean value of 164 µg/m³, which was found to be higher than WHO primary and secondary standards. The correlation study revealed very strong correlations (r?>?0.71) between Fe–Mn, Sb–Co, Na–K, Mn–Mg, Pb–Cd and Sb–Sr. Among the meteorological parameters, temperature, wind speed and pan evaporation were found to be positively correlated with TSP, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Ag, whereas, they exhibited negative relationships with relative humidity. On the other hand, Pb, Sb, Zn, Co, Cd and Li revealed significant positive correlations with relative humidity and negative with temperature, wind speed and pan evaporation. The major sources of airborne trace metals identified with the help of principle component analysis and cluster analysis were industrial emissions, automobile exhaust, biomass burning, oil combustion, fugitive emissions, resuspended soil dust and earth crust. The TSP and selected metals were also studied for seasonal variations, which showed that Na, K, Zn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sr, Co and Cd peaked during the winter and remained lowest during the summer, while Ca, Fe, Mg and Mn were recorded highest during the spring.  相似文献   

Characterization of Chinook head salmon embryo phenotypes of infectious salmon anemia virus by real-time RT-PCR     

Khalid Munir 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2006,7(2):167-176

We have previously described the development of a one-tube SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) in various biological samples. The twofold aim of the present study was to verify that the optimized SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR conditions could detect ISAV isolates of different geographic origins, and to analyze the growth patterns of the selected ISAV isolates in the Chinook head salmon embryo (CHSE)-214 cells by this assay to better characterize their CHSE-phenotypes. A total of 24 ISAV isolates were used in this study. The results indicated that the SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR could detect ISAV of different geographic origins or laboratory sources. The capacity of ISAV isolates to cause cytopathic effects (CPE) in the CHSE-214 cell line, viral titration of the infected CHSE-cell harvests, and analysis of viral RNA levels in CHSE-214 cells at post-infection day zero, 7 and 14 by SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR confirmed the existence of three CHSE-phenotypes of ISAV: replicating cytopathic, replicating non-cytopathic, and non-replicating non-cytopathic. The identification of these three CHSE-phenotypes of ISAV has important implications from diagnostic and biological points of view.  相似文献