The effect of elevated temperature exposure on the fracture toughness of solid wood and structural wood composites     

Arijit Sinha  John A. Nairn  Rakesh Gupta 《Wood Science and Technology》2012,46(6):1127-1149

Fracture toughness of wood and wood composites has traditionally been characterized by a stress intensity factor, an initiation strain energy release rate (G _init) or a total energy to fracture (G _f). These parameters provide incomplete fracture characterization for these materials because the toughness changes as the crack propagates. Thus, for materials such as wood, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), it is essential to characterize the fracture properties during crack propagation by measuring a full crack resistant or R curve. This study used energy methods during crack propagation to measure full R curves and then compared the fracture properties of wood and various wood-based composites such as, OSB, LVL and plywood. The effect of exposure to elevated temperature on fracture properties of these materials was also studied. The steady-state energy release rate (G _SS) of wood was lower than that of wood composites such as LVL, plywood and OSB. The resin in wood composites provides them with a higher fracture toughness compared to solid lumber. Depending upon the internal structure of the material, the mode of failure also varied. With exposure to elevated temperatures, G _SS for all materials decreased while the failure mode remained the same. The scatter associated with conventional bond strength tests, such as internal bond and bond classification tests, renders any statistical comparison using those tests difficult. In contrast, fracture tests with R curve analysis may provide an improved tool for characterization of bond quality in wood composites.  相似文献   

Differential expression and localization of TRPV channels in the mature sperm of Anas platyrhynchos     

Rakesh Kumar Majhi  Ashutosh Kumar  Sunil C. Giri  Chandan Goswami 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(11):1619-1628

Sperm cells perform precise chemotactic and thermotactic movement which is crucial for fertilization. However, the key molecules involved in detection of different chemical and physical stimuli which guide the sperm during navigation are not well understood. Ca²⁺-signalling mediated by ion channels seem to play important role in motility and other fertility parameters. In this work, we explored the endogenous localization pattern of TRPV channels in the mature spermatozoa of avian species. Using sperm from white pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos) as the representative avian model, we demonstrate that duck sperm endogenously express the thermosensitive channels TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, and highly Ca²⁺-selective channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 in specific yet differential locations. All of these TRPV channels are enriched in the sperm tail, indicating their relevance in sperm motility. Interestingly, the TRPV3 and TRPV4 channels are present in the mitochondrial region. Calcium selective TRPV5 channel is exclusively present in sperm tail and is most abundant among the TRPV channels. This is the first report describing the endogenous presence of TRPV2 and TRPV3 channels in the sperm of any species. Using confocal imaging and super-resolution imaging, we demonstrate that though the TRPV channels are evolutionarily closely related, they have distinct localization pattern in the duck sperm, which could impact their role in fertilization.  相似文献   

Detection and assessment of risk factors associated with natural concurrent infection of Trypanosoma evansi and Anaplasma marginale in dairy animals by duplex PCR in eastern Punjab     

Sharma  Amrita  Singla  Lachhman Das  Tuli  Ashuma  Kaur  Paramjit  Bal  Mandeep Singh 《Tropical animal health and production》2015,47(1):251-257

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Duplex PCR consisting of two primer sets within a single mixture for the simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi was...  相似文献   

Population structure,gene flow and genetic diversity analyses based on agro-morphological traits and microsatellite markers within cultivated and wild germplasms of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.]     

Das  Anjan  Yadav  Ramesh Kumar  Choudhary  Harshwardhan  Lata  Suman  Singh  Saurabh  Kumar  Chavlesh  Kumari  Shilpi  Boopalakrishnan  G.  Bhardwaj  Rakesh  Talukdar  Akshay 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2022,69(2):771-791

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech.] is an annual herb of the family Malvaceae and has tremendous nutritional and industrial potential. However, the...  相似文献   

Pentachlorophenol interactions with soil     

Shankha K. Banerji  S. M. Wei  Rakesh K. Bajpai 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,69(1-2):149-163

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) adsorption and desorption equilibrium was studied with two Menfro silt loam soils — upper horizon and lower horizon. For the adsorption studies the variables were: temperature (10 and 30 °C) and the amount of organic matter. The variables for the desorption studies were: temperature (10 and 30 °C), pH and the presence of an anionic and a cationic surfactant. The results from these studies confirmed the importance of soil organic matter for adsorption of PCP on the soils. The adsorption data at different temperatures indicated the physical nature of the adsorption process. The desorption data produced non-singularity and some PCP was irreversibly adsorbed onto the soil despite repeated washings. Increased pH increased the desorption of PCP from the soil. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDS) was able to desorb significant amounts of PCP from the soil at doses equal to critical micelle concentration (CMC). But, the nonionic surfactant, surfactant, Triton X-405 required a much higher dose (twice the CMC) to cause a significant desorption of PCP from the soil.  相似文献   

Soy protein films with the hydrophobic surface created through non-covalent interactions     

Rakesh Kumar  Lina Zhang 《Industrial Crops and Products》2009,29(2-3):485-494

Different plasticizers (P) such as glycerol, 1,2 propanediol, trimethylol propane, thiodiglycol, and formamide (30% by weight w.r.t. soy protein) were used to prepare soy protein films (coded as SP) by compression molding at 140 °C and 20 MPa. The SP films were immersed in 0.5% (w/v) benzilic acid solution for 26 h to get arylated soy protein films (SP-B) with the evolution of CO₂, leading to the formation of diphenylhydroxymethane (DPHM) on the surface. Lotus leaf like structure, on the surface of SP-B film, with high hydrophobicity has been created, supported by the existence of nano/micro spheres. The SP-B and SP films were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile testing, optical transmittance, contact angle, and biodegradation experiments. The mechanical properties, transmittance, and contact angle of SP-B films increased significantly, compared with SP. The SP-B films exhibited high water resistance in the range of 67–82%. These results indicated attractive interactions (often termed as π-interactions) of DPHM aromatic groups took place in the SP-B films resulting in the formation of nanospheres or microspheres. This work provided a good way for increasing the surface hydrophobicity and the mechanical properties of the protein materials through non-covalent interactions.  相似文献   

Anti-ulcer constituents of Annona squamosa twigs     

Yadav DK  Singh N  Dev K  Sharma R  Sahai M  Palit G  Maurya R 《Fitoterapia》2011,82(4):666-675

Phytochemical investigation of Annona squamosa twigs, resulted in isolation and identification of twelve known (1-12) compounds among them one 1-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-ethane (11) is synthetically known but first time isolated from natural sources. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds (2-8, 11) were evaluated for H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity. Three of these compounds (+)-O-methylarmepavine (2), N-methylcorydaldine (3), isocorydine (6) showed promising anti-secretory activity. Activity of these compounds, comparable to the standard drug omeprazole is novel to our finding. Moreover, there is no information accessible regarding the pharmacological effect of A. squamosa on the gastrointestinal system. This study is the first of its kind to show the significant anti-ulcer effect of A. squamosa. The present study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of A. squamosa (AS) and to identify its active constituents. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated against cold restraint (CRU), pyloric ligation (PL), aspirin (ASP), alcohol (AL) induced gastric ulcer and histamine (HA) induced duodenal ulcer model and further confirmed through in vitro assay of H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity and plasma gastrin level. AS and its chloroform and hexane fraction attenuated ulcer formation in CRU, PL, HA model and displayed anti-secretory activity in vivo through reduced free, total acidity and pepsin in PL, confirmed by in vitro inhibition of H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity with corresponding decrease in plasma gastrin level. Cytoprotection of AS was apparent with protection in AL, ASP models and enhanced mucin level in PL.  相似文献   

Effect of micro-environmental factors on natural regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sal</Emphasis> (S<Emphasis Type="Italic">horea robusta</Emphasis>)     

J. V. Tyagi  Rakesh Kumar  S. L. Srivastava  R. D. Singh 《林业研究》2011,22(4):543-550

Micro-environmental factors viz., soil moisture and light intensity are important factors that affect natural regeneration in forests. These factors vary spatially depending on the overhead canopy density of the forest. The present study focused on studying the effect of variation of soil moisture and light intensity on natural regeneration of sal species (Shorea robusta) under different micro-environments due to overhead canopy of varying forest density. Experimental plots of 40m× 40m size were laid under different overhead canopy densities in a small sal forested watershed in the foot hills of Himalayas in Nainital District of Uttarakhand State, India. The plots were monitored on a long term basis for soil moisture at multi depths, light intensity and natural regeneration of sal. The results of the study revealed that the natural regeneration was highest under C1 (up to-0.30) canopy followed by C2 (0.30–0.50), and C3 (0.50–0.70) canopies. The C3 canopy showed the dying back of sal shoots over 4 years of study. The highest R² value of linear regression between incremental score of plot regeneration and average soil moisture content was obtained as 0.156 for average soil moisture content during non-monsoon months at 100 cm depth. The R² value between incremental score of plot regeneration and annual average light intensity was obtained as 0.688 which indicated that the regeneration is largely dependent on the light intensity conditions during the year. The multiple linear regression analysis between the incremental score of regeneration and the average light intensity and average soil moisture content revealed that that about 80% of variation in regeneration is explained by both the factors.  相似文献   

Effects of shade regimes and planting geometry on growth,yield and quality of the natural sweetener plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in north-western Himalaya     

Rakesh Kumar  Saurabh Sharma  Kulasekaran Ramesh  Bikram Singh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(7):963-979

During 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India to assess the effect of shade levels (no shade, 25% shade, 50% shade, 75% shade) and plant geometry levels [30 × 15 cm (north–south, N–S), 45 × 10 cm (N–S), 30 × 15 cm (east–west, E–W) and 45 × 10 cm (E–W)] on the growth, yield and quality of stevia. Plant development was fastest in controls and slowest in stevia plants growing at minimum light (75% shade). These plants showed delayed bud formation and flowering. Significantly, higher dry leaf yield was recorded when the crop was grown under 25% shading than under 50 and 75% shade. Total steviol glycosides content decreased with increasing shade levels. All shade levels resulted in the same leaf-to-stem ratio, which was significantly higher than that obtained under ambient light. Plant geometry significantly affected the number of leaves and leaf dry weight plant^–1. During both years, dry leaf weight was highest in the wider row spacing (45 × 10 cm) than in the narrow row spacing (30 × 15 cm). Stevia spaced at 30 × 15 cm in an E–W direction recorded significantly higher total steviol glycosides at 2 months after transplanting (MAT).  相似文献   

Strategies to mitigate the adverse effect of drought stress on crop plants—influences of soil bacteria: A review     

Priyanka CHANDRA  Amoolya WUNNAVA  Pooja VERMA  Amaresh CHANDRA  Rakesh Kumar SHARMA 《土壤圈》2021,31(3):496-509

Drought stress affects plant growth and causes significant issues in meeting global demand for food crops and fodder. Drought can cause physiological, physicochemical, and morphological changes in plants, which negatively affects plant growth and productivity. To combat this under the increasing global threat of water shortage and rapid population expansion, it is crucial to develop strategies to meet global food demands. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may provide a safe solution to enhancing crop yields through various mechanisms. These soil bacteria can provide drought tolerance to crop plants, allowing them to survive and thrive in water-scarce conditions. Productions of phytohormones, free radical-scavenging enzymes, and stress-combating enzymes that can increase tolerance to drought-induced stress are key features of plant-associated microbial communities. This review summarizes the beneficial properties of microbes that help plants tolerate water scarcity and highlights the bacterial mechanisms that enhance drought tolerance in plants.  相似文献