Agreement of serum allergen test results with unblocked and blocked IgE against cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) and intradermal test results in atopic dogs     

Natalie K. Y. Gedon  Teresa M. S. A. Boehm  Christoph J. Klinger  Laura Udraite  Ralf S. Mueller 《Veterinary dermatology》2019,30(3):195-e61

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Giardia duodenalis in small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study     

Sina Rehbein  Christian Klotz  Ralf Ignatius  Elisabeth Müller  Anton Aebischer  Barbara Kohn 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(1):117-124

Giardia duodenalis is a relevant gastrointestinal protozoan pathogen of humans and animals. This species complex consists of eight genetically different assemblages. Assemblages A and B are pathogenic to humans and pets, thus confer zoonotic potential. The risk of zoonotic transmission has been controversially discussed. The aim of this monocentric cross‐sectional pilot study was to investigate G. duodenalis assemblages in humans and pets living in common households in Berlin/Brandenburg (Germany). Samples from dogs, cats and humans sharing the same households were screened for Giardia infection by antigen‐detecting assays. All human samples were additionally analysed by a Giardia‐specific qPCR. Cyst quantification and sequences of different gene loci (triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), β‐giardin (bg) and for dogs SSUrDNA) were analysed. A total of 38 households (31 households with dogs and seven with cats) with 69 human individuals participated in the study. Initial antigen‐detecting assays revealed Giardia‐positive results for 13 (39%) canine, one (14%) feline and one human sample. Reanalysis of the human samples by qPCR revealed two more positive specimens (4%). Two of these three samples were identified as assemblage B at all tested loci. Success rate of assemblage typing for pet samples was generally low and comprised mainly the SSUrDNA locus only. Overall, six of 13 Giardia‐positive canine samples were typable (2× A, 1× co‐infection: A and B, 1× C; 2× D). One pair of samples (dog and human) from the same household had a similar but not identical assemblage B sequence at tpi locus. Assemblage A was also detected in the dog specimen, which hampered sequence analysis. In conclusion, although exhibiting limitations due to the sample size, our study highlights the need for better and standardized typing tools to distinguish G. duodenalis strains with higher resolution in order to perform proper case–control studies for a realistic estimation of zoonotic risk.  相似文献   

Land Use and Precipitation Affect Organic and Microbial Carbon Stocks and the Specific Metabolic Quotient in Soils of Eleven Ecosystems of Mt. Kilimanjaro,Tanzania     

Holger Pabst  Friederike Gerschlauer  Ralf Kiese  Yakov Kuzyakov 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(3):592-602

Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure of land‐use changes, strongly affecting the carbon cycle. Conversion from natural to agri‐cultural ecosystems is often accompanied by a decrease in the stocks of organic and microbial carbon (C_org, C_mic) as well as changes in microbial activity and litter decomposition. Eleven ecosystems along an elevation gradient on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro were used to investigate impacts of land‐use changes on C_org and C_mic stocks as well as the specific metabolic respiration quotient (q_sCO₂) in surface soils. Six natural, two semi‐natural and three intensively used agricultural ecosystems were investigated on an elevation gradient from 950 to 3,880 m asl. To estimate the effects of precipitation, rainfall regimes of 3·6 and 20·0 mm were simulated. C_org stocks were controlled by water availability, temperature and net primary production. Agricultural management resulted in decreases of C_org and C_mic stocks by 38% and 76%, respectively. In addition, agricultural systems were characterized by low C_mic:C_org ratios, indicating a decline in available substrate. Enhanced land‐use intensity leads to increased q_sCO₂ (agricultural > semi‐natural > natural). The traditional homegardens stood out as a sustainable land‐use form with high substrate availability and microbial efficiency. Soil CO₂ efflux and q_sCO2 generally increased with precipitation level. We conclude that soils of Mt. Kilimanjaro's ecosystems are highly sensitive to land‐use changes and are vulnerable to changes in precipitation, especially at low elevations. Even though q_sCO₂ was measured under different water contents, it can be used as an indicator of ecosystem disturbances caused by land‐use and management practices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Characterization of puff-by-puff resolved cigarette mainstream smoke by single photon ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and principal component analysis     

Adam T  Baker RR  Zimmermann R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(6):2055-2061

Soft single photon ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for the characterization and discrimination of the chemical patterns of all individual cigarette puffs from the 2R4F University of Kentucky research reference cigarette. The SPI-TOFMS was connected to a smoking machine, and 10 cigarettes were smoked under defined smoking conditions. A total of 41 detected mass signals could be clearly assigned to smoke constituents (e.g., unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic species, sulfurous compounds, and nitrogen-containing substances). For further analysis, the on-line recorded mass signals were added up for each cigarette puff resulting in a single summed mass spectrum for each puff. The so-achieved puff-by-puff resolved yields were additionally normalized by the corresponding total ion signal, which eliminated the influences of varying amounts of burnt tobacco. These values were incorporated into a PCA to find differences and similarities in the chemical patterns of the individual cigarette puffs. In addition, absolute (without normalization) and normalized puff resolved yields were used to clarify occurring trends. Thereby, it was shown that the chemical pattern of the first cigarette puff was very unique, whereby extraordinary high yields of unsaturated hydrocarbons are mainly responsible for this. Depending on the smoking procedure, the chemical pattern of the second puff can also be separated from the first and the third puff. In this case, nitrogen-containing substances play an important role. Puffs three to eight show only small but observable differences. These changes are greater influenced by oxygen-containing and sulfurous smoke constituents. The findings reveal that the overall chemical patterns of machine-smoked cigarette puffs vary quite a lot during the smoking process. This lets us assume that the burden of hazardous compounds for the human smoker also differs from puff to puff.  相似文献   

Odor-active alcohols from the fungal transformation of alpha-farnesene     

Krings U  Hardebusch B  Albert D  Berger RG  Maróstica M  Pastore GM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(24):9079-9084

Submerged microbial cultures were screened for their potential to oxifunctionalize alpha-farnesene. The major oxidation product in all transforming cultures, 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3(E),5(E)10-tetraen-7-ol, showed a pleasant citrus-like odor and peak concentrations of 170 mg L-1. An Aspergillus niger isolate from mango generated another two terpene alcohols identified as diastereomeric menth-1-en-3-[2-methyl-1,3-butadienyl]-8-ol, a new natural compound with an apricot-like odor. The regiospecifity of the oxygen attack with concurrent lack of stereoselectivity suggested that the initial step of the bioconversion resembled the chemical autoxidation starting with the generation of an intermediate resonance-stabilized carbon-centered radical or carbocation.  相似文献   

Perfused non-pregnant swine uteri: a model for evaluating transport mechanisms to the side bearing the dominant follicle in humans     

Mueller A  Siemer J  Renner S  Hoffmann I  Maltaris T  Binder H  Beckmann MW  Dittrich R 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2006,52(5):617-624

Adequate uterine contractility and periovulatory peristalsis, interpreted as "rapid sperm transport" to the side bearing the dominant follicle, may be a precondition for successful reproduction in humans. Estrogen and progesterone fluctuate characteristically during the menstrual cycle, and their source is the dominant follicle and corpus luteum. The question is, how is the direction to the left or right side of transport mechanisms influenced? An extracorporeal perfusion model of the swine uterus was used that maintained the uterus in a functional condition and that was suitable for the study of physiological questions. The effects of side-dependent estrogen, progesterone, and estrogen plus progesterone perfusion on oxytocin-induced uterine peristalsis were assessed using two intrauterine microcatheters placed in each horn of the swine uterus. Estrogen perfusion was associated with an increase in intrauterine pressure (IUP) in a dose-dependent manner only in the estrogen-perfused horn of the swine uterus. There was a significant difference between the IUP increase measured in the estrogen-perfused horn and that in the non estrogen-perfused horn of the swine uterus. Progesterone perfusion showed no effect in general. Furthermore, progesterone antagonized the estrogen effects. This study demonstrates that side-dependent estrogen perfusion resulted in side-dependent contractility in the swine uterus perfusion system used. These observations show that estrogen stimulates uterine contractility in the estrogen-perfused uterine horn and that estrogens may be the "trigger" for the transport mechanisms to the side bearing the dominant follicle during the periovulatory phase through their locally increased concentration and distribution via the utero-ovarian counter-current system in humans.  相似文献   

Lignification in cell cultures of Pinus radiata: activities of enzymes and lignin topochemistry     

Möller R  Koch G  Nanayakkara B  Schmitt U 《Tree physiology》2006,26(2):201-210

Enzymatic and topochemical aspects of lignification were studied in a Pinus radiata D. Don cell culture system that was induced to differentiate tracheary elements and sclereids with lignified secondary cell walls. The activities of the lignin-related enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) increased concomitantly with cell differentiation, indicating that the increase in enzyme activity was related to lignification of the cell walls and was not induced by stress. This result also indicates that PAL and CAD are suitable markers for tracheary element differentiation in coniferous gymnosperms. To further characterize lignification in this cell culture system, cellular UV-microspectrophotometry and thioacidolysis were employed. Typical UV-absorption spectra of lignin were obtained from the secondary cell walls of the tracheary elements and sclereids and from the compound middle lamella connecting differentiated cells, and the presence of lignin was confirmed by thioacidolysis. Certain aspects of lignin topochemistry in the cell walls of the tracheary elements were similar to cell walls of P. radiata wood, such as the high lignin concentration in the compound middle lamella connecting adjacent cells and the lower lignin concentration in the secondary cell walls. Therefore, the P. radiata cell culture system appears to be well suited to study the formation of lignified secondary cell walls in coniferous gymnosperms.  相似文献   

FG-rich repeats of nuclear pore proteins form a three-dimensional meshwork with hydrogel-like properties   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Frey S  Richter RP  Görlich D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5800):815-817

Nuclear pore complexes permit rapid passage of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors, but otherwise suppress nucleocytoplasmic fluxes of inert macromolecules >/=30 kilodaltons. To explain this selectivity, a sieve structure of the permeability barrier has been proposed that is created through reversible cross-linking between Phe and Gly (FG)-rich nucleoporin repeats. According to this model, nuclear transport receptors overcome the size limit of the sieve and catalyze their own nuclear pore-passage by a competitive disruption of adjacent inter-repeat contacts, which transiently opens adjoining meshes. Here, we found that phenylalanine-mediated inter-repeat interactions indeed cross-link FG-repeat domains into elastic and reversible hydrogels. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that such hydrogel formation is required for viability in yeast.  相似文献   

Physionomics and metabolomics-two key approaches in herbicidal mode of action discovery     

Grossmann K  Christiansen N  Looser R  Tresch S  Hutzler J  Pollmann S  Ehrhardt T 《Pest management science》2012,68(4):494-504

BACKGROUND: For novel herbicides identified in greenhouse screens, efficient research is important to discover and chemically optimise new leads with new modes of action (MoAs). RESULTS: The metabolic and physiological response pattern to a herbicide can be viewed as the result of changes elicited in the molecular and biochemical process chain. These response patterns are diagnostic of a herbicide's MoA. At the starting point of MoA characterisation, an array of bioassays is used for comprehensive physiological profiling of herbicide effects. This physionomics approach enables discrimination between known, novel or multiple MoAs of a compound and provides a first clue to a new MoA. Metabolic profiling is performed with the use of treated Lemna paucicostata plants. After plant extraction and chromatography and mass spectrometry, changes in levels of approximately 200 identified and 300 unknown analytes are quantified. Check for known MoA assignment is performed by multivariate statistical data analyses. Distinct metabolite changes, which can direct to an affected enzymatic step, are visualised in a biochemical pathway view. Subsequent target identification includes metabolite feeding and molecular, biochemical and microscopic methods. CONCLUSION: The value of this cascade strategy is exemplified by new herbicides with MoAs in plastoquinone, auxin or very‐long‐chain fatty acid synthesis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Plasma and skin concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis     

Mueller RS  Fettman MJ  Richardson K  Hansen RA  Miller A  Magowitz J  Ogilvie GK 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(5):868-873

OBJECTIVE: To determine essential fatty acid concentrations in plasma and tissue before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis. ANIMALS: 30 dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Dogs received supplemental flaxseed oil (200 mg/kg/d), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 50 mg/kg/d)-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 35 mg/kg/d), or mineral oil as a placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Clinical scores and plasma and cutaneous concentrations of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LLA), EPA, DHA, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4 were determined. RESULTS: Total plasma concentrations of alpha-LLA and EPA increased and those of arachidonic acid decreased significantly with administration of EPA-DHA, and concentrations of alpha-LLA increased with flaxseed oil supplementation; nevertheless, there was no significant change in the concentrations of these fatty acids or eicosanoids in the skin. There was no correlation between clinical scores and plasma or cutaneous concentrations for any of the measured fatty acids or eicosanoids. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that at the dose used, neither the concentrations of fatty acids in skin or plasma nor a decrease in the production of inflammatory eicosanoids was a major factor involved in the mechanism of action in dogs with atopy that responded to fatty acid supplementation.  相似文献