Bioaccumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Crayfish: A Review     

Antonín Kouba  Miloš Buřič  Pavel Kozák 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,211(1-4):5-16

Metal pollution is a global problem which represents a growing threat to the environment. Because of bioaccumulation and negative effects of heavy metals, their bioavailability needs to be monitored. Many studies showed accumulation of metals in crayfish tissues as dose- and time-dependent without significant differences in tissue concentration levels comparing males and females. Muscles and exoskeleton were considered as specific for accumulation of mercury and nickel, respectively. Cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium accumulated mainly in hepatopancreas. By analyzing these specific tissues, it is possible to deduce the bioavailability and, by presumption, the level of environmental pollution by specific metals. However, in the case of zinc and copper, their utility is limited to assessing bioavailability because rapid depuration of these metals renders them less useful for long-term environmental monitoring programs. The literature reporting heavy metal impacts on freshwater crayfish, with reference to accumulation levels, is reviewed and summarized with respect to their suitability as bioindicators. Summarized published data from unpolluted or control localities can be used as referential values in crayfish, and consequently help with evaluation of monitored sites.  相似文献   

Phytotoxic Effect of the Uranium on the Growing Up and Development the Plant of Corn     

Mirjana D. Stojanović  Dragi R. Stevanović  Jelena V. Milojković  Mirko S. Grubišić  Deana A. Ileš 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,209(1-4):401-410

The aim of this article is the determination of uranium accumulation in plants tissue in shoots and roots of corn—maize (Zea mays), grown on two types of soils, pseudogley and chernozem, together with its phytotoxic effect on the plant growth and development. The soils was contaminated with different rates (10 to 1,000 mg U(VI) kg^?1) of uranyl nitrate (UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O). Vegetative tests performed with maize indicated uranium phytotoxic effect on plant height, yield, and germination of seeds. This effect was stronger on the plants grown on pseudogley in comparison with those grown on chernozem. Soil properties determined the tolerance and accumulation of U in plants. A linear dependence between the content of uranium in soil and in plants tissue, including maximal content of 1,000 mg U?kg^?1, indicates that maize could be used for phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Tranformations are Related to Age of a Constructe Wetland     

K. Zemanová  T. Picek  J. Dušek  K. Edwards  H. Šantrůčková 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,207(1-4):39-48

Two horizontal constructed wetlands with subsurface flow (CWs) of different age were monitored in a 2-year study. One of the CWs was new, while the second one had been in operation for 5 years in the first year of study. Transformations of C, P, and N were measured in each CW in the substrate of the vegetated bed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and their rates were compared. C was mineralized in both CWs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but mineralization rates differed between the CWs; they were cca ten times higher in the established CW compared to the new CW. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) was immobilized under aerobic conditions but was mobilized under anaerobic conditions. DRP transformation was cca five times faster in the established CW. Nitrification occurred under aerobic conditions at similar rates in both CWs. NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but there was large variability. The age of the CW affected C mineralization rates and DRP immobilization rates under aerobic conditions and mobilization rates under anaerobic conditions; they increased as the CWs maturated, while no effect of CW age was observed on nitrogen removal rates.  相似文献   

Spatial patterns of sea lice infection among wild and captive salmon in western Canada     

E. E. Rees  S. St-Hilaire  S. R. M. Jones  M. Krkošek  S. DeDominicis  M. G. G. Foreman  T. Patanasatienkul  C. W. Revie 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(6):989-1004

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Leaf and stem rust resistance of hexaploid wheat cultivars salzmünder bartweizen and weique     

P. Bartoš  I. Bareš 《Euphytica》1971,20(3):435-440

Summary Wheat cultivars Salzmünder Bartweizen and Weique gave a similar pattern of reaction type when tested with 27 different races of stem rust and 17 races of leaf rust from Canada and Czechoslovakia. Both cultivars were resistant to all races of stem rust and most of the races of leaf rust. Genetic studies indicated that the two varieties have the same genes for rust resistance, with the genes for leaf and stem rust being closely linked.Transmission of the genes for rust resistance was irregular and appeared to be associated with meiotic irregularities in chromosome pairing. In all F₂ populations which deviated significantly from a 3:1 ratio, a deficiency of resistant plants was noted. The greatest deficiency was in the F₂ of crosses involving Salzmünder Bartweizen, of which the F₁ hybrid also had the greatest meiotic irregularities.Chimeral plants, of which the longitudinal half of the leaf showed a resistant reaction and the other half a susceptible reaction, were observed in crosses with Salzmünder Bartweizen.  相似文献   

A comparative physiologico-genetical study of activities of some enzymes in a heterotic single cross hybrid of maize (Zea mays L.)     

L. Maršálek 《Euphytica》1971,20(1):131-137

Summary In field trials conducted over three growth seasons I studied the differences in activities of the enzymes: polyphenoloxidase, ascorbateoxidase and peroxidase, with a heterotic single-cross hybrid of maize and its pollen-sterile analogue. Additional observations were made for differences between the single-cross hybrids and their parental lines. The samples (staminate spikelets) were taken at random just before and after tasselling. Significant differences could be established concerning the object set. Comparison of the self-pollinating line of maize with the pollen-sterile analogue revealed the down ward trend in peroxidase (P) activity with the pollen-sterile line; the upward trend in polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and the downward trend in ascorbateoxidase (A) activity were observed with the pollen-sterile line before tasselling. After tasselling, activity of PPO showed a downward and that of A an upward trend. The single-crospollen-sterile hybrid revealed, compared to the parental lines, an upward trend in its PPO and A activities before tasselling and a downward trend in the same enzymes after tasselling; while activity of P in this single-cross, pollen-sterile hybrid indicated the downward trend in general. Compared with the parental forms, the pollen-fertile hybrid of maize showed a trend towards lower activities of the studied enzymes for all seasons and periods under observation. Comparing results in the single-cross hybrids there was an indication of higher activities of PPO and A in the pollen-sterile analogue; whereas the same analogue revealed a lower activity of P before tasselling and higher value after tasselling.  相似文献   

Inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in forested soils developed on contrasting geology in Slovenia—a stable isotope approach     

Nives Ogrinc  Tjaša Kanduč  Bor Krajnc  Urša Vilhar  Primož Simončič  Lixin Jin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(2):382-395

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The sensitivity of water extractable soil organic carbon fractions to land use in three soil types     

Vladimir Ćirić  Milivoj Belić  Ljiljana Nešić  Srđan Šeremešić  Borivoj Pejić  Atila Bezdan 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(12):1654-1664

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a high impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, global environmental processes, soil quality and agriculture. Long-term tillage usually leads to SOC depletion. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different land uses on water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) fractions and to evaluate the interaction between the WEOC fractions and other soil properties. Using an extraction procedure at 20°C and 80°C, two fractions were obtained: a cold water extractable organic carbon (CWEOC) and a hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC). The results suggest that there is a significant impact from different land uses on WEOC. A lower relative contribution of WEOC in SOC and a lower concentration of labile WEOC fractions are contained in arable soil compared to forestlands. Chernozem soil was characterized by a lower relative contribution of WEOC to the SOC and thus higher SOC stability in contrast to Solonetz and Vertisol soils. Both CWEOC and HWEOC are highly associated with SOC in the silt and clay fraction (<53 µm) and were slightly associated with SOC in the macroaggregate classes. The WEOC fractions were highly and positively correlated with the SOC and mean weight diameter.  相似文献   

Immediate Impact of the Flood (Bohemia, August 2002) on Selected Soil Characteristics     

Dana Elhottová  Václav Krištůfek  Jan Tříska  Vladislav Chrastný  Eva Uhlířová  Jiří Kalčík  Tomáš Picek 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,173(1-4):177-193

In August 2002 extreme floods affected Bohemia a part of the Czech Republic, along Vltava and Labe rivers. After the flood had culminated, soil samples of arable and meadow soil (flooded and control-non-flooded) have been collected in the surroundings of the cities of ?eské Budějovice (CB, South Bohemia, the Vltava river, the upper flood stream) and Ústí nad Labem (UL, the Labe river, the lower flood stream). Different parameters of arable soils have been affected more significantly than those of meadow soils. Soil texture e.g. has been shifted from sandy loam to loam (CB) and clay loam (UL). Organic carbon, total phosphorus and nitrogen contents have been increased as well as the content of some hazardous elements such as arsenic. A shift of soil pH from 6.1 to 4.8 has been noticed in CB and an opposite one from 5.1 to 7.1 was measured in UL. Available phosphorus decreased in CB by 56% while a four-fold increase was measured in UL. Chlorinated organic pesticides level was significantly reduced, but that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increased up to the maximum values of legal limits. The UL arable soil also became heavily contaminated by PAH. The CB arable soil demonstrated high microbial activity, while UL arable soil suffered under stress conditions in this respect. The flooded meadow soils became covered with a layer of drifted soil sediment, which retained enhanced content of the PAH's different hazardous elements, and, in addition, the soil aeration was reduced.  相似文献   

N. I. Vavilov — Persönlichkeit und Mensch     

Nina Petrovna Čuvašina 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1988,36(1):55-60

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献