Validation and calibration of food-frequency questionnaire measurements in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease cohort     

Johansson I  Hallmans G  Wikman A  Biessy C  Riboli E  Kaaks R 《Public health nutrition》2002,5(3):487-496

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Solanum scabrum—a potential source of a coloring plant extract     

Cornelia Lehmann  Christoph Biela  Stefan Töpfl  Gisela Jansen  Rudolf Vögel 《Euphytica》2007,158(1-2):189-199

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of Solanum scabrum to provide a colorant for food. We conducted a field trial with eight accessions from four different sources and recorded both morphological variability and fruit yield differences between accessions. Further, anthocyanin and glucoalkaloid concentrations were determined. The accessions could be assigned to two distinct groups: a leafy vegetable type with toxic fruits used in Africa and a berry type with edible fruits known as Garden Huckleberry in North America, but both types had edible leaves with low glucoalkaloid concentrations. The leafy vegetable type set not much fruit. In contrast, the berry type yielded on average 800–900 g berries per plant with remarkable high anthocyanin concentrations of 8.1–13.9 g kg⁻¹ fresh weight, calculated as petunidin 3-p-(coumaryl-runtinoside)-5-glucoside. Thus, S. scabrum can serve as a source for natural anthocyanin pigments. In particular, two accessions with a high fruit yield were promising candidates as a berry crop. One had the best anthocyanin concentration of the examined material and the other one had a low percentage of unripe berries as a further advantage.  相似文献   

Mikrobiologische Beurteilung biologischer Bodendekontaminationsverfahren im Modellversuch     

Ellen Kandeler  Christine Pennerstorfer  Edith Bauer  Rudolf Braun 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(5):345-350

Microbiological control of the biological decontamination of soils Five agricultural soils which were contaminated with n-tetradecane, 5-methyl-3-heptanone and naphthalene were used to follow the biological clean-up process of these soils. The hydrocarbon content, the microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration), dehydrogenase activity and N-mineralisation were monitored for 20 weeks in the contaminated and control soils. Dehydrogenase activity followed similar patterns within various soils, the values being lowest at the beginning of the experiment and highest during the following weeks. N-mineralisation of four contaminated soils was reduced at the start of the experiment, but was increased afterwards. The influence of contamination on microbial activities was detected even after elimination of the hydrocarbons. The addition of compost of bark and pieces of bark increased the biological cleanup process of the Calcic Chernozem contaminated with 3,8% (w/w) fuel oil. The addition of both organic materials reduced the decontamination rate of the Haplic Chernozem. The ratio of N-mineralisation to microbial biomass of the Calcic Chernozem increased with the addition of compost of bark and pieces of bark, but decreased with the same treatment of the. Haplic Chernozem. The results of this study suggest that microorganisms immobilize nitrogen in the Haplic Chernozem ammended with pieces of bark to a great extent during the whole experiment. The high N-immobilization and the adsorption of hydrocarbons to the added organic material may be the main cause of the slow decontamination of the Haplic Chernozem.  相似文献   

T and B lymphocytes in horses persistently infected with equine infectious anaemia virus     

I. Valpotić  M. Kaštelan  M. Rudolf  M. Gerenčer  B. Jukić  I. Bašić 《Veterinary research communications》1989,13(1):57-65

The percentage of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of horses chronically infected with equine infectious anaemia (EIA) virus was determined and the results were compared with the percentage of these cells in healthy uninfected horses. Cells with membrane receptors for sheep erythrocytes (T and active T lymphocytes) were determined by E and A rosette techniques, while cells with receptors for the C3b component of complement and those with receptors for mouse erythrocytes (B lymphocytes), were determined by the EAC rosette method. The percentage of Fc positive cells was assayed by the EA rosette test.The majority of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from both uninfected and EIA-infected horses formed rosettes of each kind with only three erythrocytes indicating a low density of the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane under the condition of the assays used. The percentage of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of diseased horses (52.4±1.6%), as detected by E rosettes, was significantly (p<0.01) higher than in control animals (42.4±3.5%). In clinically healthy horses 8.9±1.1% of PBL were identified by A rosettes as active T cells, whereas animals with a chronic form of EIA had a much lower (p<0.001) percentage of these cells (4.7±0.7%). In the B lymphocyte subpopulations the percentages of cells bearing Fc and C3b receptors were markedly elevated (p<0.001) in EIA-infected horses (24.7±0.8% and 42.8±2.2% respectively) as compared to uninfected animals (15.1±1.4% and 29.6±1.2% respectively). Receptors for mouse erythrocytes, as yet undescribed on equine PBL, were demonstrated in approximately equal proportions on lymphocytes from EIA-infected (24.8±1.5%) and uninfected horses (24.3±2.1%).  相似文献   

Changes in soil carbon and crop yield over 60 years in the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment,following land‐use change from grassland to cropland          下载免费PDF全文

Hans Rudolf Oberholzer  Jens Leifeld  Jochen Mayer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(5):696-704

Changes in land‐use and agricultural management affect soil organic C (SOC) storage and soil fertility. Grassland to cropland conversion is often accompanied by SOC losses. However, fertilization, crop rotation, and crop residue management can offset some SOC losses or even convert arable soils into C sinks. This paper presents the first assessment of changes in SOC stocks and crop yields in a 60‐year field trial, the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment A493 (ZOFE) in Switzerland. The experiment comprises 12 treatments with different organic, inorganic and combined fertilization regimes. Since conversion to arable land use in 1949, all treatments have lost SOC at annual rates of 0.10–0.25 t C ha^?1, with estimated mean annual C inputs from organic fertilizers and aboveground and belowground plant residues of 0.6–2.4 t C ha^?1. In all treatments, SOC losses are still in progress, indicating that a new equilibrium has not yet been reached. Crop yields have responded sensitively to advances in plant breeding and in fertilization. However, in ZOFE high yields can only be ensured when mineral fertilizer is applied at rates typical for modern agriculture, with yields of main crops (winter wheat, maize, potatoes, clover‐grass ley) decreasing by 25–50% when manure without additional mineral fertilizer is applied. ZOFE shows that land‐use change from non‐intensively managed grassland to cropland leads to soil C losses of 15–40%, even in rotations including legumes and intercrops, improved agricultural management and organic fertilizer application.  相似文献   

The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals a link between localized polymorphism and pathogen specialization     

Cuomo CA  Güldener U  Xu JR  Trail F  Turgeon BG  Di Pietro A  Walton JD  Ma LJ  Baker SE  Rep M  Adam G  Antoniw J  Baldwin T  Calvo S  Chang YL  Decaprio D  Gale LR  Gnerre S  Goswami RS  Hammond-Kosack K  Harris LJ  Hilburn K  Kennell JC  Kroken S  Magnuson JK  Mannhaupt G  Mauceli E  Mewes HW  Mitterbauer R  Muehlbauer G  Münsterkötter M  Nelson D  O'donnell K  Ouellet T  Qi W  Quesneville H  Roncero MI  Seong KY  Tetko IV  Urban M  Waalwijk C  Ward TJ  Yao J  Birren BW  Kistler HC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5843):1400-1402

We sequenced and annotated the genome of the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen of cultivated cereals. Very few repetitive sequences were detected, and the process of repeat-induced point mutation, in which duplicated sequences are subject to extensive mutation, may partially account for the reduced repeat content and apparent low number of paralogous (ancestrally duplicated) genes. A second strain of F. graminearum contained more than 10,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which were frequently located near telomeres and within other discrete chromosomal segments. Many highly polymorphic regions contained sets of genes implicated in plant-fungus interactions and were unusually divergent, with higher rates of recombination. These regions of genome innovation may result from selection due to interactions of F. graminearum with its plant hosts.  相似文献   

Sandwich immunoassays for the determination of peanut and hazelnut traces in foods     

Kiening M  Niessner R  Drs E  Baumgartner S  Krska R  Bremer M  Tomkies V  Reece P  Danks C  Immer U  Weller MG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(9):3321-3327

People suffering from food allergies are dependent on accurate food labeling, as an avoidance diet is the only effective countermeasure. Even a small amount of allergenic protein can trigger severe reactions in highly sensitized patients. Therefore, sensitive and reliable tests are needed to detect potential cross-contamination. In this paper two fast sandwich immunoassays are described for the determination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and hazelnut (Corylus avellana) traces in complex food matrices. Mouse monoclonal antibodies were used as capture antibodies, and labeled rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used as detection antibodies in both assays. The assay time was 30 min in total, and cross-reactivities against a variety of fruits and seeds were found to be in the low 10(-4)% (ppm) level or in some cases not detectable. The recoveries in all tested food matrices ranged from 86 to 127%, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-1.2 mg/kg (ppm) in food for both peanut and hazelnut, respectively.  相似文献   

Organic compounds and heavy metals in the atmosphere of the city of Caracas,Venezueala — II: Atmospheric deposition     

Rudolf Jaffé  Aivlé Cabrera  Hermes Carrero  José Alvarado 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,71(3-4):315-329

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe and Cd) were analyzed in bulk deposition samples at two locations within the metropolitan area of Caracas, Venezuela. One of the sampling sites was located in the center (urban site, 1), while the other was in the outkirts of the city (rural site, 4). In general, a higher flux was observed for the deposition of pollutants at site 1 than at site 4. These fluxes showed relatively large short-term variations, while the long-term integrated deposition was found to be relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Wet deposition did not affect the flux of most of the pollutants studied, with the exception of Pb and the fatty acids of an anthropogenic origin.  相似文献   

Fusarium langsethiae and mycotoxin contamination in oat grain differed with growth stage at inoculation     

Aamot  Heidi Udnes  Mousavi  Hesam  Razzaghian  Jafar  Brodal  Guro  Sulyok  Michael  Krska  Rudolf  Edwards  Simon G.  Hofgaard  Ingerd S. 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2022,164(1):59-78

European Journal of Plant Pathology - High levels of mycotoxins are occasionally observed in Norwegian oat grain lots. Mycotoxins of primary concern in Norwegian oats are deoxynivalenol (DON)...  相似文献   

Toxigenicity and pathogenicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium poae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium avenaceum</Emphasis> on wheat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Susanne Vogelgsang  Michael Sulyok  Andreas Hecker  Eveline Jenny  Rudolf Krska  Rainer Schuhmacher  Hans-Rudolf Forrer 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(2):265-276

In a field experiment between 2004 and 2006, 14 winter wheat varieties were inoculated with either a mixture of three isolates of F. poae or a mixture of three isolates of F. avenaceum. In a subsequent climate chamber experiment, the wheat variety Apogee was inoculated with individual single conidium isolates derived from the original poly conidium isolates used in the field. Disease symptoms on wheat heads were visually assessed, and the yield as well as the fungal incidence on harvested grains (field only) was determined. Furthermore, grains were analysed using LC-MS/MS to determine the content of Fusarium mycotoxins. In samples from field and climate chamber experiments, 60 to 4,860 μg kg⁻¹ nivalenol and 2,400 to 17,000 μg kg⁻¹ moniliformin were detected in grains infected with F. poae and F. avenaceum, respectively. Overall, isolate mixtures and individual isolates of F. avenaceum proved to be more pathogenic than those of F. poae, leading to a higher disease level, yield reductions up to 25%, and greater toxin contamination. For F. poae, all variables except for yield were strongly influenced by variety (field) and by isolate (climate chamber). For F. avenaceum, variety had a strong effect on all variables, but isolate effects on visual disease were not reflected in toxin production. Correlations between visual symptoms, fungal incidence, and toxin accumulation in grains are discussed.  相似文献