Cultivation Is Necessary     

Hester JB  Isaacs RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1948,108(2814):635

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A look inside the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield through vertical seismic profiling   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chavarria JA  Malin P  Catchings RD  Shalev E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5651):1746-1748

The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth pilot hole is located on the southwestern side of the Parkfield San Andreas fault. This observatory includes a vertical seismic profiling (VSP) array. VSP seismograms from nearby microearthquakes contain signals between the P and S waves. These signals may be P and S waves scattered by the local geologic structure. The collected scattering points form planar surfaces that we interpret as the San Andreas fault and four other secondary faults. The scattering process includes conversions between P and S waves, the strengths of which suggest large contrasts in material properties, possibly indicating the presence of cracks or fluids.  相似文献   

Comparison of foliar and soil formulations of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in wine grapes     

Van Timmeren S  Wise JC  VanderVoort C  Isaacs R 《Pest management science》2011,67(5):560-567

BACKGROUND: The potential of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides to control potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), a damaging pest of wine grapes in the eastern United States, was investigated. Soil or foliar applications were made to potted or field‐grown vines, and the response of leafhoppers was determined in clip cages over the following month on young or mature leaves. RESULTS: Foliar application of imidacloprid caused immediate and long‐lasting reductions in E. fabae survival on both leaf ages, whereas the activity of soil‐applied imidacloprid was delayed. Clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam all provided long‐lasting reduction in leafhopper survival on young and mature foliage when applied through either delivery route. However, the percentage of moribund nymphs was significantly greater on foliar‐treated vines and increased over time in mature and immature leaves compared with soil‐treated vines. Residue analysis of foliar‐applied imidacloprid showed an 89% decline in mature leaves from day 1 to day 27, and a 98% decline in immature leaves over the same time period. Comparison of soil‐applied clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in field‐grown vines showed significant reduction in E. fabae only on mature leaves of vines treated with thiamethoxam. CONCLUSIONS: Neonicotinoids can control E. fabae in small vines, even in rapidly expanding foliage where this pest causes greatest injury. Soil application provides superior long‐term vine protection because declining residues on foliar‐treated vines lead to suboptimal activity within 2–3 weeks. Vineyard managers of susceptible cultivars may take advantage of this approach to E. fabae management by using foliar applications of the three neonicotinoids tested here, or by using soil‐applied thiamethoxam. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

The effects of large doses of soluble and insoluble forms of cobalt given at monthly intervals on cobalt deficiency disease in lambs     

E D Andrews  B J Stephenson  C E Isaacs  R H Register 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1966,14(11):191-196

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Fibrocartilaginous embolic encephalomyelopathy of the brainstem and midcervical spinal cord in a dog     

Axlund TW  Isaacs AM  Holland M  O'Brien DP 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2004,18(5):765-767

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Invasion biology of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii): a global perspective and future priorities     

Mark K. Asplen  Gianfranco Anfora  Antonio Biondi  Deuk-Soo Choi  Dong Chu  Kent M. Daane  Patricia Gibert  Andrew P. Gutierrez  Kim A. Hoelmer  William D. Hutchison  Rufus Isaacs  Zhi-Lin Jiang  Zsolt Kárpáti  Masahito T. Kimura  Marta Pascual  Christopher R. Philips  Christophe Plantamp  Luigi Ponti  Gábor Vétek  Heidrun Vogt  Vaughn M. Walton  Yi Yu  Lucia Zappalà  Nicolas Desneux 《Journal of pest science》2015,88(3):469-494

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Effectiveness and retention of thiamine and its analogs administered to steelhead and landlocked Atlantic salmon     

Ketola HG  Isaacs GR  Robins JS  Lloyd RC 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2008,20(1):29-38

We investigated the feasibility of enhancing the reproduction of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in lakes where the consumption of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and other forage fishes containing thiaminase can cause them to become thiamine deficient and thereby reduce the survival of their fry. We evaluated feeding fingerling steelhead excess thiamine hydrochloride (THC1) for 1 or 2 weeks or equimolar amounts of thiamine mononitrate, thiamine-tetrahydrofurfuryl-disulfide, benfotiamine, or dibenzoyl thiamine (DBT). We found minimal internal reserves of thiamine after 6 months. We also compared the ability of injections of thiamine and its analogs to prevent mortality in thiamine-deficient steelhead and Atlantic salmon sac fry and found all forms to be effective, although benfotiamine was the least effective on an equimolar basis. Further, we injected yearling steelhead and found that DBT was tolerated at approximately 11,200 nmol/g of body weight, about 10 times more than thiamine in any other form. When yearling steelhead were injected with near-maximal doses of thiamine hydrochloride and several analogs and then fed a thiamine-deficient diet, DBT was retained for approximately 2 years--in contrast to other forms, which were retained for less than about 6 months. Therefore, these results suggest that neither feeding nor injecting young hatchery salmonids with DBT is likely to enhance their reproduction for more than 2 years after stocking. However, injecting DBT in nearly mature fish (either cultured fish from hatcheries or wild fish captured in lakes) may provide them with enough thiamine to successfully spawn within 2 years even though they consume mainly thiaminase-containing forage fishes.  相似文献   

Drosophila suzukii population response to environment and management strategies     

Nik G. Wiman  Daniel T. Dalton  Gianfranco Anfora  Antonio Biondi  Joanna C. Chiu  Kent M. Daane  Beverly Gerdeman  Angela Gottardello  Kelly A. Hamby  Rufus Isaacs  Alberto Grassi  Claudio Ioriatti  Jana C. Lee  Betsey Miller  M. Valerio Rossi Stacconi  Peter W. Shearer  Lynell Tanigoshi  Xingeng Wang  Vaughn M. Walton 《Journal of pest science》2016,89(3):653-665

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Rapid harvest schedules and fruit removal as non-chemical approaches for managing spotted wing Drosophila     

Heather Leach  Josh Moses  Eric Hanson  Philip Fanning  Rufus Isaacs 《Journal of pest science》2018,91(1):219-226

Spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), has caused significant economic losses to small fruit and berry growers throughout the USA and Europe since its invasion. This pest can lay many eggs over its lifetime within ripening and ripe berries, causing yield loss and the risk of fruit contamination. Zero tolerance for this pest has led to increased use of broad-spectrum insecticides to control it, which are costly and pose many other sustainability and pest management concerns. There is an urgent need to evaluate management strategies that can decrease reliance on chemical controls and mitigate economic losses. Over two growing seasons, we compared harvest schedules for their effect on infestation by D. suzukii, revealing that fruit harvested every 1 or 2 days had significantly fewer D. suzukii larvae than a 3-day harvest schedule. Furthermore, we found that yield per unit effort was highest on a 2-day schedule. Sanitation of the crop is another important component of a successful integrated pest management program, and we found that bagging infested waste berries killed 99% of larvae after 32 h, with higher fruit temperatures in clear bags than white or black bags. In combination, these methods can reduce the effects of this invasive pest on raspberry production. This study will provide guidance to growers on culturally based IPM tactics to decrease reliance on chemical management.  相似文献   

Mechanically-applied wax matrix (SPLAT-GBM) for mating disruption of grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)     

L.A.F. Teixeira  K. Mason  A. Mafra-Neto  R. Isaacs 《Crop Protection》2010

An ATV-mounted mechanical applicator was designed to treat vineyards with SPLAT-GBM™ for mating disruption of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SPLAT-GBM was applied to vineyards in 0.8 g drops at a density of 1544 or 3089 drops per hectare for a total of 1.3 or 2.5 kg per hectare. Trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in vineyards receiving grower-standard insecticide sprays for control of grape berry moth and other insect pests. In the first trial, SPLAT-GBM applied twice at 1.3 or 2.5 kg/ha caused a significant reduction in grape berry moth infestation at harvest on clusters at the border of the vineyards where infestation is highest, compared with the no-pheromone control, but three applications at 2.5 kg/ha did not result in lower infestation compared with both the control and other treatments. In the second trial, application of SPLAT-GBM 2.5 kg/ha in mid-June and late-July caused a significant reduction in grape berry moth infestation at harvest on clusters at the border of the vineyards. Application in early-May and late-June resulted in infestation that was similar to the other program, but not statistically different from the control. In both trials, there were no significant differences between any of the treatments of SPLAT-GBM and the control inside the vineyards where infestation is low. Among treatments of SPLAT-GBM, infestation was similar regardless of number, rate, or timing of the applications. This study shows that mechanical application of wax matrix drops to release pheromone is an effective method for control of grape berry moth using mating disruption.  相似文献