玉米和小麦在光合诱导期间非光化学猝灭（qN）差异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵明  姜雯  丁在松  石井龙一  陈丽 《作物学报》2005,31(12):1544-1551

为了比较玉米(Zea mays L.)（C4）与小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.)（C3）黑暗向光照变化过程中的光诱导适应性反应，对非光化学猝灭（Non-photochemical quenching, qN）的动态变化特征进行了观察和分析。结果表明，在15 min至24 h的不同暗适应处理中，根据qN的光适应的动态变化可分为F型（快速稳定型）、M型（中速稳定型）和S型（慢速稳定型）3种。在暗适应后的光诱导期间，小麦q_N主要表现出M和F型，玉米则表现出S和M型。通过对主要的荧光参数分析，小麦与玉米的F_v/F_m,qp和Φ_psII差异较小，而且qN稳定值有一定的差异，但TqNmex(q_N达到最大值的时间）和Tq_N（q_N达到稳定值的时间）玉米明显高于小麦，差异极明显。进一步分析经黑暗处理后光诱导的光合速率和气孔导度的动态变化，两作物虽然在增加的速率和稳定后的绝对值有差异，但达到稳定的时间无明显的不同。通过塑料膜包封叶片的方法阴止CO₂同化，而qN变化特征也基本不改变。这意味着短时间的C代谢不明显影响q_N对光诱导的反应。对光系统I反应中心P₇₀₃的典型氧化还原方式的测定和电子库容能力的分析也表明它们不是造成qN动态变化的主要原因。然而，对qNmex成分的分析证明高能态猝灭（high-energy state quenching,q_E）、转化猝灭（transition quenching,q_T)和光抑制猝灭（photoinhibitory quenching,q1)分别为55.6%、18.5%和25.9%，说明qE是导致玉米qN在暗处理后的光诱导表现出TqN_mex高、Tq_N长的主要原因。这意味着玉米（C4）在暗一光的变化中维持较高的qE，保持较高的类囊体质子梯度，有益于启动NADPH和ATP的形成。  相似文献   

Population genetic structure and diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria,revealed by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses     

Keita Ishikawa  Radostina Doneva  Evgeniy G. Raichev  Stanislava Peeva  Valentin D. Doichev  Yosuke Amaike  Yoshinori Nishita  Yayoi Kaneko  Ryuichi Masuda 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13630

The East Balkan Swine (EBS) is the only indigenous pig breed in Bulgaria. We analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 21 microsatellite loci for 198 individuals from 11 farms in Bulgaria. Obtained 11 mtDNA haplotypes including three novel ones were grouped to two major clades, European clade E1 (146/198 individuals, 73.7%) and Asian clade A (52/198, 26.3%). The mixture of the two clades may have resulted from historical crossbreeding between the European and Asian pig breeds. Clade A was frequent in southeastern Bulgaria (Burgas Province), but less frequent or absent in northeastern Bulgaria (Varna and Shumen Provinces). The distribution of Europe- and Asia-specific haplotypes relative to EBS farm locations could be attributed to regional differences of breeding systems (e.g., crossbreeding with imported commercial pigs). A microsatellite analysis showed high heterozygosities for all the EBS farms, and negative inbreeding coefficients presumably due to crossing with commercial pigs or wild boars and/or efforts to reduce inbreeding by farmers. Bayesian clustering analyses showed that all farm populations are genetically well distinguishable from one another. Although diversity has been maintained by the efforts of farmers and a breeding association, the effective population size remains small, and conservation efforts should be continued.  相似文献   

Gross nitrification rates in four Japanese forest soils: heterotrophic versus autotrophic and the regulation factors for the nitrification     

Megumi Kuroiwa  Keisuke Koba  Kazuo Isobe  Ryunosuke Tateno  Asami Nakanishi  Yoshiyuki Inagaki  Hiroto Toda  Shigeto Otsuka  Keishi Senoo  Yuichi Suwa  Muneoki Yoh  Rieko Urakawa  Hideaki Shibata 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(5):363-373

Measurements of gross NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^? production in forest soils were conducted using the ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Mineral topsoils (0?C10?cm depth) were collected from four forests from northern to southern Japan with a natural climate gradient to elucidate the mechanisms regulating gross nitrification rates in forest soils. Additionally, we attempted to evaluate the relative importance of heterotrophic nitrification in gross total nitrification using acetylene as a specific inhibitor of autotrophic nitrification. Distinct differences were found among sites in the gross rates of NH ₄ ⁺ production (3.1?C11.4?mg?N?kg^?1?day^?1) and gross total nitrification (0.0?C6.1?mg?N?kg^?1?day^?1). The rates of gross heterotrophic nitrification were low in this study, indicating that heterotrophic nitrification is of minor importance in most forest mineral topsoils in Japan. Significant relations were found between gross autotrophic nitrification and gross NH ₄ ⁺ production, soil N, and soil C concentrations, but none was found between gross autotrophic nitrification and soil pH. We determined the critical value of the gross NH ₄ ⁺ production rates for gross autotrophic nitrification under which no gross autotrophic nitrification occurred, as well as the critical soil C/N ratio above which gross autotrophic nitrification ceased. Results show that tight coupling of production and consumption of NH ₄ ⁺ prevents autotrophic nitrifiers from utilizing NH ₄ ⁺ as long as NH ₄ ⁺ availability is low.  相似文献   

Relationship of Fe-tolerance to morphological changes in roots in upland NERICA lines under Fe-treated hydroponic conditions     

Dong-Jin Kang  Koichi Futakuchi  Young-Jin Seo  Pisoot Vijarnsorn  Ryuichi Ishii 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2011,14(4):311-315

Twenty-six upland lines of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) were tested with four Oryza sativa varieties in relation to Fe toxicity tolerance under hydroponic culture containing 1.44 mM Fe (+Fe) and 0 mM Fe (-Fe as a control). Three NERICAs, WAB450-IBP-24-HB (P24), WAB450-IBP-82-1-1 (P82), and WAB450-IBP-163-3-1 (P163) among the 30 lines/varieties tested possessed relatively strong tolerance judging from reduction of root length and dry weight and shoot dry weight in +Fe compared to -Fe and from iron toxicity score (ITS) in +Fe. Only P24, P82, and P163 showed emerged lateral roots from pericycle at the root elongation zone, whereas in the other 23 NERICAs and four O. sativa varieties lateral root was not observed in the root elongation or differentiation zones. Less disruption of cortex on root tissues was observed in P24, P82, and P163 than in WAB450-16-2-BL2-DV2 (BL2-DV2), the most susceptible NERICA identified. P24, P82, and P163 showed significantly lower Fe content in the shoots than BL2-DV2, suggesting that the tolerant NERICAs could have some mechanism to inhibit the absorption of Fe. The emergence of lateral roots from the root elongation zone in the three tolerant NERICAs would be closely associated with reducing Fe absorption into the plants.  相似文献   

Asymmetrical allocation of NMDA receptor epsilon2 subunits in hippocampal circuitry     

Kawakami R  Shinohara Y  Kato Y  Sugiyama H  Shigemoto R  Ito I 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5621):990-994

Despite its implications for higher order functions of the brain, little is currently known about the molecular basis of left-right asymmetry of the brain. Here we report that synaptic distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluRepsilon2 (NR2B) subunits in the adult mouse hippocampus is asymmetrical between the left and right and between the apical and basal dendrites of single neurons. These asymmetrical allocations of epsilon2 subunits differentiate the properties of NMDA receptors and synaptic plasticity between the left and right hippocampus. These results provide a molecular basis for the structural and functional asymmetry of the mature brain.  相似文献   

Soil hardness regulates the root penetration by trees planted on anthropogenic growing bases in coastal forests in Japan: new endeavors to reforest the coastal disaster prevention forests with high resilience for tsunami     

Ono  Kenji  Noguchi  Hironori  Noguchi  Kyotaro  Imaya  Akihiro  Ugawa  Yuichi  Komoriya  Akane  Tachibana  Ryuichi  Murakami  Hisanori  Kida  Kimihiro  Kawahihashi  Masayuki 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2021,21(5):2035-2048

Journal of Soils and Sediments - To restore the disaster resilience of coastal forests in tsunami-prone areas, growing bases have been artificially constructed with embanking before afforestation...  相似文献   

Breeding of a practical rice line ‘TJTT8’ for phytoextraction of cadmium contamination in paddy fields     

Tadashi Abe  Masashi Ito  Ryuichi Takahashi  Toshimitsu Honma  Naoki Sekiya  Kensuke Shirao 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):388-395

ABSTRACT

Previously, we showed that qCdp7, an allele identified in the high-Cd-accumulating indica rice variety ‘Jarjan,’ is associated with effective phytoextraction of Cd from paddy soils. However, ‘Jarjan’ may not be practical for phytoextraction because it is susceptible to seed shattering and culm lodging, which are unfavorable traits for mechanical rice harvesting. In this study, to develop a practical rice line for phytoextraction, we introduced the qCdp7 allele into ‘Tachisugata,’ a rice variety with a nonshattering habit and lodging resistance, to produce a new high-Cd-accumulating rice line designated ‘TJTT8.’ This line inherited high-Cd accumulation and brown pericarps from ‘Jarjan’ and a nonshattering habit and lodging resistance from ‘Tachisugata;’ all of these traits are necessary for rice intended for Cd phytoextraction in Japan. Backcross inbred lines (BILs) were produced by two backcrosses to ‘Tachisugata’ after a cross between ‘Jarjan’ and ‘Tachisugata.’ ‘TJTT8’ was selected from the BILs by means of marker-assisted selection and phenotypic evaluation. When ‘TJTT8,’ the parents, and ‘Cho-ko-koku’ which is a high-Cd-accumulating indica variety were cultivated in Cd-contaminated paddy fields in four locations in Japan, ‘TJTT8’ exhibited lodging resistance and shattering resistance that were higher than those of ‘Jarjan’ and ‘Cho-ko-koku’ and equivalent to those of ‘Tachisugata.’ ‘TJTT8’ accumulated Cd in the aerial parts of the plants at concentrations ranging from 6.5 to 22.7 mg m^?2: it showed significantly higher Cd accumulation than ‘Tachisugata’ and was equivalent to ‘Jarjan’ and slightly superior to ‘Cho-ko-koku.’ Soil Cd concentration was estimated to have been reduced by 8.7–33.6% based on the amount of Cd accumulation in the aerial parts of the plants. Thus, we succeeded in using the qCdp7 allele to produce a practical rice line for Cd phytoextraction by improving several agronomic traits for compatibility with Japanese cultivation systems.  相似文献   

In Vitro Acylation of Okadaic Acid in the Presence of Various Bivalves’ Extracts     

Keiichi Konoki  Tatsuya Onoda  Ryuichi Watanabe  Yuko Cho  Shinnosuke Kaga  Toshiyuki Suzuki  Mari Yotsu-Yamashita 《Marine drugs》2013,11(2):300-315

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Dataset of CarboEastAsia and uncertainties in the CO2 budget evaluation caused by different data processing     

Nobuko Saigusa  Sheng-Gong Li  Hyojung Kwon  Kentaro Takagi  Lei-Ming Zhang  Reiko Ide  Masahito Ueyama  Jun Asanuma  Young-Jean Choi  Jung Hwa Chun  Shi-Jie Han  Takashi Hirano  Ryuichi Hirata  Minseok Kang  Tomomichi Kato  Joon Kim  Ying-Nian Li  Takahisa Maeda  Akira Miyata  Yasuko Mizoguchi  Shohei Murayama  Yuichiro Nakai  Takeshi Ohta  Taku M. Saitoh  Hui-Ming Wang  Gui-Rui Yu  Yi-Ping Zhang  Feng-Hua Zhao 《Journal of Forest Research》2013,18(1):41-48

The datasets of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) were acquired from 21 forests, 3 grasslands, and 3 croplands in the eastern part of Asia based on the eddy covariance measurements of the international joint program, CarboEastAsia. The program was conducted by three networks in Asia, ChinaFLUX, JapanFlux, and KoFlux, to quantify, synthesize, and understand the carbon budget of the eastern part of Asia. An intercomparison was conducted for NEE estimated by three gap-filling procedures adopted by ChinaFLUX, JapanFlux, and KoFlux to test the range of uncertainty in the estimation of NEE. The overall comparison indicated good agreement among the procedures in the seasonal patterns of NEE, although a bias was observed in dormant seasons depending on the different criteria of data screening. Based on the gap-filled datasets, the magnitude and seasonality of the carbon budget were compared among various biome types, phenology, and stress conditions throughout Asia. The annual values of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration were almost proportional to the annual air temperature. Forest management, including clear-cutting, plantation, and artificial drainage, was significant and obviously affected the annual carbon uptake within the forests. Agricultural management resulted in notable seasonal patterns in the crop sites. The dataset obtained from a variety of biome types would be an essential source of knowledge for ecosystem science as well as a valuable validation dataset for modeling and remote sensing to upscale the carbon budget estimations in Asia.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the wave attenuation function of a coastal black pine Pinus thunbergii forest using the individual-based dynamic vegetation model SEIB-DGVM     

Rempei Suwa 《Journal of Forest Research》2013,18(3):238-245

The wave attenuation function of a Japanese black pine forest was evaluated based on its growth at different initial planting densities (P _ini) using the spatially explicit, individual-based, dynamic global vegetation model. The forest dynamics were simulated for 150 years utilizing datasets for tree density and stem diameter at different stand ages obtained in the field. To elucidate the ability of the forest to reduce the wave height $ \eta_{t} $ (m), a long linear wave that propagates on dry ground was assumed. The attenuation of $ \eta_{t} $ (m) was expressed as follows: $ \eta_{t} = \eta_{t0} \exp ( - k_{\text{i}} x) $ , where $ \eta_{t0} $ , x, and k _i are the initial wave height (m), the distance (m), and the wave attenuation coefficient (m^?1), respectively. The tree destruction caused by the waves was considered in order to estimate k _i. The model suggested that there was a peak age that maximized k _i and was dependent on $ \eta_{t} $ , and that the maximum k _i attained decreased with increasing $ \eta_{t} $ . When P _ini was varied widely from 0.5 to 4 m^?2, the maximum k _i for a relatively low wave height (≤3 m) changed dramatically. For example, when $ \eta_{t} = 2{\text{ m}},$ the maximum k _i ranged from 0.008 to 0.031 m^?1, depending on P _ini. Thus, utilizing a relatively low P _ini would be an efficient way of quickly creating a forest capable of sufficient wave attenuation in areas where a relatively high wave height (≥4 m) is expected. It was concluded that regular harvesting and planting would be required to realize the full potential of the coastal forests to attenuate waves, and that tailoring P _ini is one of the management options that could be used to establish a wave prevention forest.  相似文献