FEEDING WHEAT TO CATTLE     

F. D. Shaw  M.V.Sc. W. J. Pryor  M.V.Sc.  Ph.D.  F.A.C.V.Sc.† 《Australian veterinary journal》1972,48(9):504-507

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Independent action of fungicides and its consequences for strategies to retard the evolution of fungicide resistance     

M. W. Shaw 《Crop Protection》1989,8(6):405-411

Several authors have discussed the evolution of fungicide resistance in a pathogenic fungus which contains a distinct resistant genotype to one fungicide (A), but not to another (B). Each author predicts when alternating use of the two fungicides will retard the evolution of resistance to A more than use of a mixture, but their conclusions differ. This is partly because they use in different ways the concept that the fungicides act independently in the mixture. A parameter ψ is introduced that quantifies the extent to which component B modifies the evolution of resistance to A. If admixture of B has no effect, ψ = 1 and A and B are independent with respect to the development of resistance. ψ is defined as the ratio of the change in frequency of the resistant genotype when a mixture of A and B is applied for a given time, to the change when A is applied alone. It is useful for interpreting the results of experiments and the predictions of mathematical models. Small values of ψ indicate mixtures that greatly retard the evolution of resistance. These are more likely to occur if fungicides, with the other properties assumed, act at the same stage of the life cycle of the fungus. Values <0·5 indicate that mixtures will be more favourable than alternation in the absence of cross resistance.  相似文献   

Surgical treatment of a congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in a dog     

A W Basher  P M Hogan  P E Hanna  C L Runyon  D H Shaw 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,199(4):479-482

A 1-year-old male Cairn Terrier was evaluated for chronic coughing that was aggravated by eating or drinking. Radiography revealed an esophageal diverticulum, regional megaesophagus, and focal interstitial densities in the right caudal and middle lung lobes. Using fluoroscopy and contrast radiography, contrast material was seen to accumulate in the diverticulum and to reflux into the right middle, caudal, and accessory bronchi. Radiographic diagnosis was bronchoesophageal fistula. Via right eighth intercostal space thoracotomy, the abnormal connection between esophagus and caudal lobe of the right lung was identified, the lobe was resected, and the esophagus was closed. Histologic examination of the connecting tissue revealed a lining of stratified epithelium, with the superficial layer being predominantly ciliated columnar epithelium. Several findings led to the conclusion that the fistula was a congenital lesion, arising from aberrant formation of the respiratory tract from the embryologic digestive tract. Histologic examination revealed smooth muscle and lack of inflammation in tissue surrounding the fistula, which are criteria for identifying congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in human patients. The dog was young and did not have a history of esophageal foreign bodies. Postoperative complications were not encountered, and 9 months later, the dog was reported to be eating dry dog food without coughing. Congenital and acquired bronchoesophageal fistulas in dogs are reported infrequently. Furthermore, 2 of 12 previously reported bronchoesophageal fistulas in dogs, one of which was considered congenital, developed in Cairn Terriers.  相似文献   

Fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and priapism associated with multifocal distemper encephalomyelitis in a dog   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W G Guilford  D P Shaw  D P O'Brien  V D Maxwell 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,197(1):90-92

A 4-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog had atypical signs of chronic distemper encephalomyelitis. The predominant signs were related to visceral rather than somatic dysfunction. The visceral dysfunction was largely attributable to distemper-associated inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord and resulted in fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and priapism. Empirical treatment of the dog resulted in transitory improvement prior to euthanasia performed because of the progressive nature of the encephalomyelitis.  相似文献   

Border disease: a sequential study of surviving lambs and an assessment of its effect on profitability.     

D Sweasey  D S Patterson  C Richardson  J W Harkness  I G Shaw  W W Williams 《The Veterinary record》1979,104(20):447-450

Pregnant Dorset horn gimmers inoculated with a non-cytopathic strain of the border disease virus produced "hairy shaker" lambs that were individually affected to a varying degree. Surviving lambs were observed for a period of up to 20 weeks when neurological signs were seen to gradually disappear. During this time live virus was isolated from a wide variety of sites in nearly all of the infected lambs. The infected animals grew at a significantly slower rate compared with the controls, particularly during the first 15 weeks. Several morphological defects are described the most consistent being the decreased weight of the central nervous system. By 20 weeks body-weights were about 20 per cent lower and carcase quality scores were reduced. An assessment is made of the economic losses attributable to BD taking into consideration carcase quality at 20 weeks and the perinatal losses.  相似文献   

Effects of fungicide dose and mixtures on selection for triazole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola under field conditions     

V. I. Mavroeidi†  M. W. Shaw 《Plant pathology》2006,55(6):715-725

The effects of varying doses of fungicides, alone or in mixtures, on selection for triazole resistance were examined under field conditions. Two experiments were conducted using the triazole fungicide fluquinconazole with the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin as a mixture partner. Inoculated wheat plots with a known ratio of more sensitive to less sensitive isolates of the leaf blotch fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola were sprayed with fungicide and sampled once symptoms had appeared. Selection for fluquinconazole resistance increased in proportion to the dose, up to one-half of the full dose (the maximum tested) in both experiments. At the higher doses of fluquinconazole, the addition of azoxystrobin was associated with a decrease in selection (nonsignificant in the first experiment) for triazole resistance. Control by low doses of fluquinconazole was increased by mixture with azoxystrobin, but at higher doses mixture with azoxystrobin sometimes decreased control, so that reduced selection was obtained at the cost of some reduction in control. The effects on resistance are not necessarily general consequences of mixing fungicides, and suggest that the properties of any specific mixture may need to be demonstrated experimentally. Selection was inversely related to control in the unmixed treatments in both experiments, but the relationship was weaker in the mixtures with azoxystrobin.  相似文献   

Trans-vaginal oocyte retrieval and subsequent in vitro production of embryos from a cow involuntarily culled     

Shaw DG  Bowles CM  Raja K  Lishman AW 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》1999,70(3):130-131

A Holstein cow of high genetic merit, in late lactation (205 days) and diagnosed with salpingitis (after 4 infertile services and veterinary consultation), was subjected to 1 trans-vaginal oocyte collection attempt, prior to slaughter. Of an estimated 10 follicles punctured, a total of 4 cumulus-oocyte complexes were retrieved. These were matured in vitro in a maturation medium for 24 hours. After 24 hours maturation, the oocytes were fertilised in vitro with Percoll-processed frozen/thawed imported semen, of the owner's choice. Fertilisation was achieved in a modified Tyrode's medium. At 18 hours post-insemination, the presumptive zygotes were transferred into culture in vitro in Charles Rosenkran's amino-acid medium and supplemented on Day 4 post-insemination with 10% foetal calf serum. All in vitro procedures were conducted in 50 microl medium droplets, under oil, in a humidified incubator at 38.5 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air. Three of the potential zygotes cleaved and, by Day 7 of culture, these had developed to the morula stage. The embryos were frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol and later transferred non-surgically to synchronised Holstein recipient heifers. One morula resulted in the only pregnancy and subsequent birth of a healthy heifer calf. An independent commercial company confirmed parentage through standard blood-typing assays. The genetic salvage of oocytes, for in vitro production of embryos, has potential benefits to the producer.  相似文献   

The role of the vertebral arteries in maintaining spontaneous electrocortical activity after electrical stunning and slaughter in calves     

Shaw FD  Bager F  Devine CE 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1990,38(1):14-16

This paper examines the role of the vertebral arteries of calves in determining the time to loss of spontaneous electrocortical activity after slaughter by a throat-cut severing the soft tissues of the neck ventral to the spinal column. Four calves with the vertebral arteries ligated took 43 +/- 1.3 s to lose cortical activity after the throat was cut. Four similar animals with intact vertebral arteries and the rostral end of the common carotid arteries clamped immediately after slaughter, to ensure that vertebral blood passed to the brain, took 51 +/-25 s to lose cortical activity. It was concluded that factors other than blood flow from the vertebral arteries contribute to the prolonged time to loss of electrocortical activity after slaughter that has been observed in some calves.  相似文献   

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Lau LT  Reid SM  King DP  Lau AM  Shaw AE  Ferris NP  Yu AC 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,126(1-3):101-110

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Two detection methods: NASBA-electrochemiluminescence (NASBA-ECL) and a newly developed NASBA-enzyme-linked oligonucleotide capture (NASBA-EOC) were evaluated. The diagnostic sensitivity of these assays was compared with other laboratory-based methods using 200 clinical samples collected from different regions of the world. Assay specificity was also assessed using samples (n=43) of other viruses that cause vesicular disease in livestock and genetic relatives of FMDV. Concordant results were generated for 174/200 (87.0%) of suspect FMD samples between NASBA-ECL and real-time RT-PCR. In comparison with the virus isolation (VI) data, the sensitivity of the NASBA-ECL assay was 92.9%, which was almost identical to that of the real-time RT-PCR (92.4%) for the same set of samples. There was broad agreement between the results of the NASBA-ECL and the simpler NASBA-EOC detection method for 97.1% of samples. In conclusion, this study provides further data to support the use of NASBA as a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for the detection and surveillance of FMDV.  相似文献   

Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 7: Effects of weed management strategy (grower practices versus academic recommendations) on the weed soil seedbank over 6 years          下载免费PDF全文

David J Gibson  Bryan G Young  Micheal DK Owen  Karla L Gage  Joseph L Matthews  David L Jordan  David R Shaw  Stephen C Weller  Robert G Wilson 《Pest management science》2016,72(4):692-700

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