Analysis of respiratory quinones in soil for characterization of microbiota     

Koichi Fujie  Hong-Ying Hu  Hajime Tanaka  Kohei Urano  Katsuaki Saitou  Arata Katayama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):393-404

Method for the analysis of respiratory quinones in soil was developed to characterize soil microbiota. The respiratory quinones were extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol using a Wahling blender or a sonicator and cleaned-up by a silicagel column cartridge. The quinone species were determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Spectra of peaks were measured with a photodiode array detector to examine the purity. More than 90% of extractable quinones in soil were recovered by three extractions. The recovery of quinones, added to soil as freeze-dried powder of microorganisms, was higher than 96%. This procedure led to higher representative results as follows. Fluctuations within 95% of cumulative frequency were 13% for the extracted amount of quinones and 20% for the dissimilarity, respectively. The quinone profiles of four soils were determined as follows: a soil from the aerobic layer of a paddy field, an ando soil and two yellow upland soils which had received chemical fertilizers with and without farmyard manure. The quinone profiles displayed clear differences in the microbial composition and in the microbial diversity among the soils. It was demonstrated that the analysis of the respiratory quinone profile was useful to characterize the microbial community structure in soil.  相似文献   

Regulation of LH synthesis and release by GnRH and gonadal steroids in masu salmon     

H. Ando  P. Swanson  A. Urano 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,28(1-4):61-63

The roles of salmon GnRH (sGnRH) and gonadal steroid hormones in regulation of LH synthesis and release were examined in primary pituitary cell cultures of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Pituitaries were taken from fish at four reproductive stages: in March (initiation of sexual maturation); May (early maturation); July (pre-spawning); and September (spawning period). Amounts of LHβ subunit mRNA in the pituitary cells were determined by real-time PCR, and LH levels in the medium were determined by RIA. sGnRH and gonadal steroids including estradiol-17β (E2), testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were added to the cultures to examine their direct effects on LH response. sGnRH had no significant effect on LHβ mRNA levels at any stages, although a stimulatory trend was noted in March. In contrast, E2 and T considerably increased LHβ subunit mRNA levels in March and May during initial stages of maturation, and the effects were less pronounced in July and September. On the other hand, sGnRH stimulated LH release at all stages in the males and the effects were most prominent in July and September. E2 and T also stimulated LH release in July and September, but their effects were weaker than that of sGnRH. The present results indicate that sGnRH and gonadal steroids directly regulate LH synthesis and release in masu salmon pituitary cells: sGnRH mainly stimulates LH release in the late stage of sexual maturation; whereas, E2 and T are effective in stimulating LH synthesis at earlier stages of maturation.  相似文献   

A study of the measurement of fracture toughness in cohesive soil – relationship between the size of initial crack and diameter of specimen     

Shin-ichi?NishimuraEmail author  Hideyoshi?Shimizu 《Paddy and Water Environment》2004,2(1):27-32

The phenomenon of hydraulic fracturing is considered to be one of the causes of leakage in fill-type dams. In recent years, it has been found that an estimate of the fracture toughness of a given type of soil could be used as an indicator of the soils resistance to hydraulic fracturing. One of the problems encountered in its estimation is the assumption that fracture toughness has been theoretically defined for samples of infinite sizes. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted to determine the fracture toughness of samples (of the same size) prepared with initial cracks of various lengths. The main objective was to investigate the relationship of the initial crack length to fracture toughness. The stress distribution around the crack tip for each laboratory test sample was estimated by FEM analysis and by a theoretical equation. These analytical results corresponded reasonably well to results from laboratory tests to determine the appropriate length of the initial crack for the test specimens.  相似文献   

Efficient bioethanol production from water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes by both preparation of the saccharified solution and selection of fermenting yeasts     

Toshiyuki Takagi  Motoharu Uchida  Ryoji Matsushima  Masami Ishida  Naoto Urano 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(4):905-910

Although water hyacinth is an adventive aquatic plant that threatens the Japanese ecosystem, its high growth rate may be a benefit in terms of its potential as a raw material for the production of bioethanol. In our study, water hyacinth was saccharified with 3?% (v/v) sulfuric acid and subjected to cellulase treatments to determine optimum bioethanol production conditions. The original saccharified solution yielded both glucose at 5.3?±?0.2?g/l and reducing sugars at 9.7?±?0.1?g/l. Concentration of the saccharified solution under vacuum at 70?°C yielded both glucose at 21.5?±?2.9?g/l and reducing sugars at 33.3?±?2.1?g/l. An aquatic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae TY2 produced ethanol at 9.6?±?1.1?g/l from the concentrated saccharified solution. In comparison, Ogawa et al. (Afr J Microbiol Res 2:110?C113, 2008) reported that this yeast produced 0.90?g/l and that the production of bioethanol was about 11.2-fold lower than that obtained in our study. These results suggest that refinement of the saccharification process and application of the selected yeast could improve the efficiency of obtaining bioethanol from the water hyacinth.  相似文献   

Impacts of newly liberalised policies on customary land rights of forest‐dwelling populations: A case study from East Kalimantan,Indonesia     

Mariko Urano 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2014,55(1):6-23

Based on interviews and participant observation conducted in the province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, from 2008 to 2012, this paper examines why the agrarian reforms have failed to secure the land rights of local farmers. Since the fall of the authoritarian government in 1998, Indonesia has seen limited, but growing government recognition of customary land rights of local farmers living in forest areas. I present a case study of two villages, in which the greater discretion on the part of the local community to negotiate with large‐scale oil palm estates has led to the abuse of power by local elites, as well as territorial tensions between local communities. The finding questions the optimistic view that state recognition of customary land rights of communities would automatically lead to the security of landownership of local farmers, and its underlying image of harmonious local communities in which members share coherent interests. The agrarian reform that has centred on communities' rights of control over land and natural resources is problematic. When local communities do not possess capabilities for resolving conflicts in an equitable and transparent manner, third‐party intervention is needed to assist communities to strengthen local land rights.  相似文献   

Purification and enzymatic properties of a neutral metalloprotease produced from the cold-adapted <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio</Emphasis> species Pr21 isolated from deep seawater in Sagami Bay     

Masami Ishida  Chie Yoshida-Mishima  Yosuke Maeda  Masashi Yamamoto  Ryo Tsuda  Haruto Ishii  Naoto Urano  Hiroshi Kabasawa 《Fisheries Science》2016,82(4):675-683

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Effects of Whole Grain Wheat Bread on Visceral Fat Obesity in Japanese Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Study     

Yosuke Kikuchi  Satomi Nozaki  Miki Makita  Shoji Yokozuka  Shin-ichi Fukudome  Takashi Yanagisawa  Seiichiro Aoe 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2018,73(3):161-165

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has become increasingly common in Japan. Epidemiological studies show inverse associations between intake of whole wheat grains and metabolic syndrome, but few dietary intervention trials have investigated the effect of whole wheat grain consumption. It was investigated whether a diet in which refined wheat bread (RW diet) was substituted by whole grain wheat bread (WW diet) would reduce visceral fat obesity in Japanese subjects. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted in 50 Japanese subjects with body mass index (BMI)?≥?23 kg/m². Subjects were randomly assigned WW (WW group) or RW diets (RW group) for 12 weeks. Blood samples and computed tomography scans were obtained every 6th week. The WW group showed decrease (?4 cm²) in visceral fat area (VFA) (p <?0.05), whereas the RW group showed no significant changes. These time-dependent changes were significantly different between the groups. WW diet led to significant and safe reductions in VFA in subjects with BMI?≥?23 kg/m². WW diet may contribute to preventing visceral fat obesity.  相似文献   

Clindamycin in the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs     

Wulansari R  Wijaya A  Ano H  Horii Y  Nasu T  Yamane S  Makimura S 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2003,39(6):558-562

This report examines the effectiveness of clindamycin for the treatment of babesiosis in dogs (n=10) experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni (B. gibsoni). Clindamycin (25 mg/kg body weight, per os, q 12 hours for 14 days) gradually reduced parasitemia levels and induced morphological changes that indicated degeneration of parasites (e.g., segmentation; size reduction; localization in the cell limbic and/or torn state of the nucleus; and swelling, decrease, or disappearance of the cytoplasm) in the majority of dogs. Clindamycin treatment reduced the clinical symptoms characteristic of Babesia infection, including anemia, anorexia, and listlessness. Clindamycin might be useful as a medicine for treatment of B. gibsoni infection.  相似文献   

Sequence diversity in the coat protein and 3″-untranslated region of Chinese yam necrotic mosaic virus RNA     

Toru?KondoEmail author  Dong-Kyoon?Kang  Shin-ichi?Fuji  Moo-Ung?Chang 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(6):397-399

Sixteen isolates of Chinese yam necrotic mosaic virus (ChYNMV) were collected from nine sites in Japan and one site in Korea, and 1098 nucleotides of the 3-terminal of the genome were sequenced. Identity of the coat protein gene was 95.5%–99.7% among the isolates. Substitution in the deduced amino acids of the coat protein ranged from 0 to 7, mainly in the N-terminal region. The 3-untranslated region consisted of 231 nucleotides, which had 96.5%–100% nucleotide identity among the isolates. Sequence diversity was considerably less in ChYNMV than in Yam mosaic virus or Japanese yam mosaic virus.  相似文献   

Drug resistance and R plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from laboratory animals     

K Shimoda  K Maejima  T Urano  N Terakado 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1983,45(1):103-108

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