Taxation and investment implications of non-industrial private forestry within a Boreal Swedish municipality     

Lina Holmgren  Gun Lidestav  Siv Nyquist 《Small-Scale Forestry》2005,4(1):35-51

The Swedish tax system affects distribution of forest revenue between national, municipal and individual interests. The study reported here takes a Boreal municipality perspective, with the objective of investigating the tax and investment implications of non-industrial private forestry (NIPF) in a case-study municipality at these three interest levels. Sales revenue, operating costs, investment, disposable income and direct tax revenue generated in NIPF within the boreal municipality are quantified, drawing on income tax return data. The question addressed is, does NIPF contribute to the local economy and thereby to development and maintenance of infrastructure in a typical boreal municipality, given the present NIPF ownership structure and tax system? Results support two different views. On one hand, tax revenues generated from NIPF to the resource municipality amounted to only 17% of the direct tax revenues or less then 1% of the tax revenues in the municipality budget. On the other hand, NIPF owners returned as much as 72% of sales revenue back into their firms in form of operating costs, and 20% in from of investments.  相似文献   

Assessing and Managing Soil Quality for Urban Agriculture in a Degraded Vacant Lot Soil     

Joshua W. Beniston  Rattan Lal  Kristin L. Mercer 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(4):996-1006

Following the decline of industrial manufacturing, many US cities have experienced severe population reductions that have resulted in large areas of vacant land. Urban agriculture has emerged as a desirable land use for these spaces, but degraded soils are common. Therefore, we measured soil and plant responses to amendments and management in urban lots where vacant houses had recently been demolished in Youngstown, OH, USA. Soil degradation was observed following demolition activities in the form of compaction (bulk density of 1·5–1·8 Mg m⁻³) and low soil microbial biomass C (21 mg C kg⁻¹ soil). Our split‐plot experiment measured the effects of organic matter (OM) amendments produced from yard wastes and the use of raised beds on soil properties and vegetable crop yields. Two years after their application, OM amendments resulted in significant improvement to a number of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Vegetable crop yields were improved by OM amendments in 2011 and by both OM amendments and the use of raised beds in 2012. A soil quality index, developed using factor analysis and the Soil Management Assessment Framework, produced values ranging from 0·60 to 0·85, which are comparable to those reported for rural agricultural soils. All results indicate that urban agriculture can be productive in vacant urban land and that amendments produced from urban yard wastes can improve soil quality at previously degraded sites and increase crop yields for urban agriculture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Cell type-specific resistance of trigeminal ganglion neurons towards apoptotic stimuli     

Geenen K  Favoreel HW  Nauwynck HJ 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,113(3-4):223-229

Trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons are important target cells for many alphaherpesviruses and constitute a major site of virus latency and reactivation. Earlier we showed that porcine TG neurons are remarkably more resistant towards (apoptotic) cell death resulting from infection by the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) compared to a broad range of other primary porcine cell types and that this resistance does not depend on the strongly anti-apoptotic US3 viral protein kinase (Geenen, K., Favoreel, H.W., Nauwynck, H.J., 2005a. Higher resistance of porcine trigeminal ganglion neurons towards pseudorabies virus-induced cell death compared with other porcine cell types in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 1251-1260). Although other viral anti-apoptotic proteins may be involved in survival of TG neurons during PRV infection, an additional factor may be that TG neurons possess a cell type-dependent capacity to withstand apoptosis compared to other cell types. To investigate this, we treated uninfected porcine TG cultures, swine kidney cells, and porcine superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons with several apoptosis-inducing reagents (staurosporine, camptothecin and genistein). None of these reagents were able to trigger substantial apoptotic cell death in TG neurons, whereas non-neuronal TG cells, swine kidney cells, and SCG neurons showed a clear dose-dependent increase in apoptosis using either of these reagents. In conclusion, sensory TG neurons may contain a cell type-specific capacity to withstand different apoptotic assaults, including infection with an alphaherpesvirus.  相似文献   

A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity     

Herbert A  Gerry NP  McQueen MB  Heid IM  Pfeufer A  Illig T  Wichmann HE  Meitinger T  Hunter D  Hu FB  Colditz G  Hinney A  Hebebrand J  Koberwitz K  Zhu X  Cooper R  Ardlie K  Lyon H  Hirschhorn JN  Laird NM  Lenburg ME  Lange C  Christman MF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5771):279-283

Obesity is a heritable trait and a risk factor for many common diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. We used a dense whole-genome scan of DNA samples from the Framingham Heart Study participants to identify a common genetic variant near the INSIG2 gene associated with obesity. We have replicated the finding in four separate samples composed of individuals of Western European ancestry, African Americans, and children. The obesity-predisposing genotype is present in 10% of individuals. Our study suggests that common genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of obesity.  相似文献   

Increasing Creatine Kinase Concentrations at the 161-km Western States Endurance Run     

Martin D. Hoffman  Julie L. Ingwerson  Ian R. Rogers  Tamara Hew-Butler  Kristin J. Stuempfle 《The Forestry Chronicle》2012,23(1):56-60

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Bilateral choanal atresia in a cat     

Schafgans KE  Armstrong PJ  Kramek B  Ober CP 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2012,14(10):759-763

A 7-month-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of stertor, open mouth breathing without apparent distress, and chronic bilateral nasal discharge that was unresponsive to antibiotics. Complete bilateral bony choanal atresia was diagnosed with computed tomography and nasopharyngoscopy. Choanal atresia is an uncommon congenital condition where the choana (nasal passage into the nasopharynx) is blocked by abnormal bone or soft tissue uni- or bilaterally. The cat's clinical signs improved dramatically immediately after trans-palatal surgical correction. Post-surgical complications included the development of nasopharyngeal scar tissue and subsequent stenosis, persistent right-sided nasal discharge, and permanent damage to the right eye (blindness and cataract formation). Nasopharyngeal stenosis was managed with repeated balloon dilatations and temporary stenting, and the owner reported an excellent quality of life at 8-month follow-up. Bilateral bony choanal atresia has not been previously reported in cats. Uni- or bilateral choanal atresia should be considered in young cats presenting with refractory stertor, chronic nasal discharge, and/or open mouth breathing.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse     

Grimsrud KN  Mama KR  Steffey EP  Stanley SD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(1):38-48

ObjectiveTo describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following an intravenous (IV) bolus dose of medetomidine in the horse.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsEight, mature healthy horses age 11.7 ± 4.6 (mean ± SD) years, weighing 557 ± 54 kg.MethodsMedetomidine (10 μg kg^?1) was administered IV. Blood was sampled at fixed time points from before drug administration to 48 hours post administration. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical data were obtained at predetermined time points from 0 minutes to 24 hours post administration. An algometer was also used to measure threshold responses to noxious stimuli. Medetomidine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and used for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters using noncompartmental and compartmental analysis.ResultsPharmacokinetic analysis estimated that medetomidine peaked (8.86 ± 3.87 ng mL^?1) at 6.4 ± 2.7 minutes following administration and was last detected at 165 ± 77 minutes post administration. Medetomidine had a clearance of 39.6 ± 14.6 mL kg^?1 minute^?1 and a volume of distribution of 1854 ± 565 mL kg^?1. The elimination half-life was 29.1 ± 12.5 minutes. Glucose concentration reached a maximum of 176 ± 46 mg dL^?1 approximately 1 hour post administration. Decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, borborygmi, packed cell volume, and total protein concentration were observed following administration. Horses lowered their heads from 107 ± 12 to 20 ± 10 cm within 10 minutes of drug administration and gradually returned to normal. Horse mobility decreased after drug administration. An increased mechanical threshold was present from 10 to 45 minutes and horses were less responsive to sound.Conclusion and clinical relevance Behavioral and physiological effects following intravenous administration positively correlate with pharmacokinetic profiles from plasma medetomidine concentrations. Glucose concentration gradually transiently increased following medetomidine administration. The analgesic effect of the drug appeared to have a very short duration.  相似文献   

Congestive Heart Failure Secondary to Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease and Dilated Cardiomyopathy     

Kristin MacDonald 《Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery》2012,25(6):1-3

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Iron-source preference of Staphylococcus aureus infections     

Skaar EP  Humayun M  Bae T  DeBord KL  Schneewind O 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5690):1626-1628

Although bacteria use different iron compounds in vitGro, the possibility that microbes distinguish between these iron sources during infection has hitherto not been examined. We applied stable isotope labeling to detect source-specific iron by mass spectrometry and show that Staphylococcus aureus preferentially imports heme iron over transferrin iron. By combining this approach with computational genome analysis, we identified hts (heme transport system), a gene cluster that promotes preferred heme iron import by S. aureus. Heme iron scavenging by means of hts is required for staphylococcal pathogenesis in animal hosts, indicating that heme iron is the preferred iron source during the initiation of infection.  相似文献   

What is your diagnosis? Calcium crystal deposition disease (chondrocalcinosis)     

Kirkby KA  Collins KE  Newell SM  Ginn PE  Lewis DD 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(9):1335-1336

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