Is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug required to alleviate pain behavior associated with liver biopsy in cattle?     

Ngaio Jessica Beausoleil  Kevin J. Stafford 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(4):245-251

Liver samples are collected from cattle for a variety of reasons. Samples are taken by percutaneous biopsy, and, as this causes pain in cattle, it is usually performed under local anesthesia (LA). However, postbiopsy inflammation can cause pain and sensitization of the wound site after the effects of LA have worn off. If significant, inflammatory pain has the potential to affect animal welfare and productivity. Eighteen Friesian heifers and cows (mean body weight = 534 kg) were used in this study; all received LA at the incision site. Six animals were biopsied with no further drug administration (LA), 6 were given 15 mL meloxicam intravenously and then biopsied (LAN), and 6 were sham-biopsied (control, C). Paddock behavior was observed for 4 hours after biopsy: totals for the whole observation period as well as hourly totals were analyzed. Overall, LA cows spent less time ruminating than C cows (C vs. LA: t₁₀ = 2.72, P = 0.05), whereas LAN cows did not differ from controls. In contrast, LAN cows looked at the incision site more often than did C cows overall (t₉ = ?2.86, P = 0.04). When hourly totals for this behavior were considered, LAN cows looked at the wound site significantly more often in the fourth hour than did C cows, and LA cows tended to look more often than C cows. The reduced rumination in LA cows, as well as the higher frequency of looking at the wound site in the fourth hour by all biopsied cows, suggests that liver biopsy caused some inflammatory pain when LA had worn off. Administration of meloxicam before biopsy had only a minor effect on pain behavior. There were no significant differences in the behavior of LAN cows compared with those given LA alone. However, rumination in cows given meloxicam did not differ from controls, suggesting a mild effect of the drug on behavior. The current study provides some evidence that cows did experience mild inflammatory pain after liver biopsy, but that meloxicam had negligible effects on this pain.  相似文献   

The effect of different combinations of lignocaine, ketoprofen, xylazine and tolazoline on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves     

Stafford KJ  Mellor DJ  Todd SE  Ward RN  McMeekan CM 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2003,51(5):219-226

AIMS: The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the effect of xylazine and tolazoline, with and without lignocaine, on the cortisol response of calves following amputation dehorning and (b) to assess the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ketoprofen) and local anaesthesia on the cortisol response of calves to amputation dehorning. METHODS: Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured in 100 dehorned or non-dehorned 3-month-old calves over an 8-h period following five different sedative/analgesic or control treatments. Sedative/analgesic treatments were: control (no anaesthesia); local anaesthesia and ketoprofen; local anaesthesia and xylazine; local anaesthesia, xylazine and tolazoline; and xylazine only. Within each sedative/analgesic treatment group, half the calves (n=10 per group) were amputation dehorned and half were not dehorned. RESULTS: The change in plasma cortisol concentrations in calves dehorned after being given ketoprofen and local anaesthesia did not differ significantly from that of non-dehorned control calves for at least 8 h. In contrast, the cortisol response of dehorned calves not given analgesic drugs peaked 30 min after dehorning and lasted >4 h. Xylazine injected before dehorning significantly reduced but did not eliminate the peak of the cortisol response. When both xylazine and local anaesthesia were administered before dehorning the peak in the cortisol response was virtually eliminated. In the dehorned calves that received xylazine with or without local anaesthesia, cortisol concentration increased significantly 3 h after dehorning and did not return to baseline until at least 5 h later. When tolazoline was administered shortly after xylazine, it caused a marked cortisol response, higher than the response to any other treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Combining ketoprofen and local anaesthesia minimised the cortisol response, and by inference the pain-induced distress, following amputation dehorning in calves. Xylazine reduced the initial cortisol response to dehorning but not as much as when local anaesthesia was also given. The increase in cortisol concentration from 3-8 h after dehorning in calves given xylazine alone or in combination with local anaesthesia suggests that calves experienced pain-induced distress during this time and that xylazine had no long-term analgesic effect. Tolazoline, used to reverse the sedative effects of xylazine, caused a marked cortisol response in calves via a mechanism which remains unclear.  相似文献   

Effects of a local anaesthetic and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic on the behavioural responses of calves to dehorning     

McMeekan C  Stafford KJ  Mellor DJ  Bruce RA  Ward RN  Gregory NG 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1999,47(3):92-96

AIMS: To evaluate the use of local anaesthesia and systemic analgesia for alleviating the distress associated with dehorning by monitoring stimulated behaviours in calves. METHODS: Eight behaviours were monitored in 3-4 month-old calves dehorned with and without local anaesthesia and/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, from 2 hours after treatment. RESULTS: Four of the behaviours, lying, grazing or ruminating, tail shaking and ear flicking, were significantly different during the first 4-6 hours of observation in control calves, which were not dehorned, compared to calves dehorned without anaesthesia or analgesia, which suggests that these behaviours are useful indices of the acute pain experienced by calves after dehorning. The behaviour of calves dehorned after both a local anaesthetic and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent had been administered was similar to control calves. The behaviour of calves given only local anaesthesia or systemic analgesia prior to dehorning was similar to that of calves dehorned without any pain relief. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that calves should be given both a local anaesthetic and a systemic analgesic before dehorning to alleviate the pain associated with this procedure.  相似文献   

The fertility of bulls born co-twin to heifers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M J Stafford 《The Veterinary record》1972,90(6):146-148

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Effect of local anaesthetic combined with wound cauterisation on the cortisol response to dehorning in calves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sutherland MA  Mellor DJ  Stafford KJ  Gregory NG  Bruce RA  Ward RN 《Australian veterinary journal》2002,80(3):165-167

OBJECTIVE: To reassess whether local anaesthesia before dehorning and wound cauterisation after dehorning eliminates the cortisol response to dehorning. METHODS: A control group was compared with three dehorned groups (dehorned alone, dehorned after local anaesthesia, dehorned after local anaesthesia then cautery of the amputation wounds). The local anaesthetic regimen used produced nerve blockade for about 5 h. Blood samples were taken before and after dehorning and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Dehorning caused a marked cortisol response lasting for about 7 h. Local anaesthetic reduced the plasma cortisol concentrations to control values for 5 h, after which they increased for a further 5 h. Subsequently in both groups, cortisol concentrations remained at control values until at least 24 h after treatment. Local anaesthetic combined with wound cautery virtually abolished the cortisol response until at least 24 h after dehorning. CONCLUSION: Combining local anaesthesia with cautery of the amputation wounds substantially reduced the cortisol response until at least 24 h after dehorning.  相似文献   

Cypermethrin resistance in Angora goat lice?     

Coles G  Stafford K 《The Veterinary record》2002,150(1):27-28

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The effect of ewe maternal behaviour score on lamb and litter survival   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.M. Everett-Hincks  N. Lopez-Villalobos  H.T. Blair  K.J. Stafford 《Livestock Production Science》2005,93(1):51-61

The study was carried out on a commercial New Zealand sheep farm with high ewe reproductive rates and lamb survival produced through intensive selection in its Coopworth flock for maternal ability.Heritability and repeatability estimates were derived for ewe maternal behaviour score (MBS) and litter survival (LIS). Heritability estimates were derived for lamb survival as a trait of the lamb (LAS) for all lambs, for twin (LAS2) and for triplet (LAS3) lambs.MBS and LIS were measured on 1954 dams, for a maximum of four parities: 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. MBS was measured at tagging on a 5-point scale (1=poor, 5=excellent) when the dam's lambs were between 12 and 36 h old. The mean MBS in this study was 3.3 and increased with litter size. LIS was measured from birth to weaning. Mean litter survival was 83%. LIS increased significantly as MBS increased (P<0.01). LIS decreased as the size of the litter increased (P<0.01). Age of dam was a nonsignificant effect on LIS (P>0.05).LAS was measured from birth to weaning on 4171 Coopworth lambs. Mean LAS was higher for lambs born as twins compared to lambs born as singles and lowest for lambs born as triplets (P<0.01). LAS was lower for lambs born to dams aged 2 years. This effect was significant for all lambs, regardless of litter size at birth and for the triplet lamb data set (P<0.01). The effects of age of dam and sex of lamb on twin lamb survival were not significant (P>0.05). Ewe lamb survival rate was higher when compared to ram lambs in the full data set, however the relationship was reversed for the triplet lamb data set where ram lamb survival was greatest (P<0.01). LAS decreased as the MBS of its dam increased (P<0.01). The relationship was significant for lambs in the full data set and the twin data set (P<0.05).MBS and LIS were under minimal genetic control. The heritability and repeatability for MBS were both 0.09. The heritability and repeatability for dam LIS were 0.0 and 0.11. Heritability for LAS over all lambs attributed to direct effects was 0.14, while the heritability attributed to maternal effects was 0.11. The heritability for twin (LAS2) and triplet (LAS3) lamb survival differed. Heritability attributed to direct and maternal effects were 0.0 and 0.21, respectively, for twin lambs and 0.08 and 0.16, respectively, for triplets.The genetic correlation between maternal and direct effect for LAS was −0.74. It is possible that the genes that regulate physiological and biochemical processes for survival are incompatible with the genes that enhance ewe-lamb bonding. For example, the genes that regulate the physiological factors to reduce gregariousness at parturition may in fact be the same genes that encourage isolation in the neonate from its littermates and dam.There is minimal genetic variation in this flock for lamb survival and maternal traits. Low genetic variation suggests that selection will be ineffective, and that farmers must consider environment and management techniques for improving lamb survival.  相似文献   

Transmission of Brucella ovis from rams to red deer stags     

Ridler AL  West DM  Stafford KJ  Wilson PR  Fenwick SG 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2000,48(2):57-59

AIM: To determine whether B. ovis will transmit from infected rams to non-infected red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) grazing together in the same paddock. METHODS: Six rams artificially infected with B. ovis were grazed with six non-infected 14-month-old red deer stags for a four and a half month period from March 4 to July 20, 1999. Stags were blood sampled at one- to six-weekly intervals to test for B. ovis antibodies using a complement fixation test. Stags that seroconverted were semen sampled to test for B. ovis infection by bacteriological culture. RESULTS: Between day 92 and day 124 of grazing together (June 4 and July 6), sera from five of the six stags became positive in the B. ovis complement fixation test. B. ovis was cultured from semen samples from four of the seropositive stags. CONCLUSIONS: Brucella ovis can be transmitted from infected rams to non-infected stags grazing in the same paddock, suggesting that B. ovis infection in farmed deer in New Zealand initially came from infected rams. Whether transmission occurs from direct contact between rams or stags, or indirectly by environmental contamination needs to be established.  相似文献   

Transmission of anthelmintic-resistant nematodes via hay?     

Coles G  Stafford KA 《The Veterinary record》2000,147(5):144

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Acute cortisol responses and wound healing in lambs after ring castration plus docking with or without application of a castration clamp to the scrotum     

Sutherland MA  Stafford KJ  Mellor DJ  Gregory NG  Bruce RA  Ward RN 《Australian veterinary journal》2000,78(6):402-405

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the cortisol response to ring castration plus docking is reduced by additional application of a castration clamp across the full width of the scrotum distal to the ring. DESIGN: A physiological study with controls. PROCEDURE: Lambs, 3 to 6 weeks of age, were castrated using a ring or ring plus castration clamp applied for 6 or 10 s and docked using a ring. Blood samples were taken before and regularly for about 4 h after treatment and analysed for plasma cortisol concentrations. The healing of the scrotal wounds was monitored for 6 weeks after castration. RESULTS: The plasma cortisol concentrations were lower only at 60 min after treatment in lambs castrated with a clamp placed on the scrotum for 10 s after ring castration and docking than in lambs castrated and docked by ring alone. Scrotal wounds healed more quickly after ring plus clamp than after ring only castration. CONCLUSIONS: The castration clamp had at most a marginal effect on the cortisol response to ring castration and docking of 3- to 6-week-old lambs, but it did seem to improve the rate of healing.  相似文献