Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

D. K. Benbi  C. R. Biswas  S.S. Bawa  K. Kumar 《Soil Use and Management》1998,14(1):52-54

Abstract. In a long-term experiment, soil physical properties were studied after 20 annual cycles of maize-wheat-fodder cowpea cropping with annual application of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM). Weeds were controlled by hand or by the use of herbicides. The hand weeding treatment resulted in a lowering of the bulk density of the surface layer (0-15 cm) and a significant increase in the subsurface (15–30 cm) density. Application of FYM significantly increased the soil organic carbon (OC), infiltration rate, water retention, aggregation and aggregate stability in water. Application of inorganic fertilizers had small but statistically significant effect in increasing soil OC.  相似文献   

Influence of cell volume changes on protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes of air-breathing walking catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias batrachus</Emphasis>)     

Biswas K  Jyrwa LM  Häussinger D  Saha N 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(1):17-27

The present study aimed at determining the effect of cell volume changes on protein synthesis, measured as the incorporation of [³H]leucine into acid-precipitable protein, in isolated hepatocytes of air-breathing walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The rate of protein synthesis, which was recorded to be 10.02 ± 0.10 (n = 25) nmoles mg⁻¹ cell protein h⁻¹ in isotonic incubation conditions, increased/decreased significantly by 18 and 48%, respectively, following hypo- (−80 mOsmol l⁻¹)/hypertonic (+80 mOsmol l⁻¹) incubation conditions (adjusted with NaCl), with an accompanying increase/decrease of hepatic cell volume by 12 and 20%, respectively. Similar cell volume-sensitive changes of protein synthesis were also observed when the anisotonicity of incubation medium was adjusted with mannitol. Increase of hepatic cell volume by 9%, due to addition of glutamine plus glycine (5 mM each) to the isotonic control incubation medium, led to a significant increase of protein synthesis by 14%. Decrease of hepatic cell volume by 15 and 18%, due to addition of dibutyl-cAMP and adenosine in isotonic control incubation medium, led to a significant decrease of protein synthesis by 30 and 34%, respectively. Thus, it appears that the increase/decrease of hepatic cell volume, caused either by changing the extracellular osmolarity or by the presence of amino acids or certain other metabolites, leads to increase/decrease of protein synthesis, respectively, and shows a direct correction (r = 0.99) between the hepatic cell volume and protein synthesis in walking catfish. These cell volume-sensitive changes of protein synthesis probably help this walking catfish in fine tuning the different metabolic pathways for better adaptation during cell volume changes and also to avoid the adverse affects of osmotic stress. This is the first report of cell volume-sensitive changes of protein synthesis in hepatic cells of any teleosts.  相似文献   

Feeding interval and photoperiod influence the growth performance of striped knifejaw,Oplegnathus fasciatus     

Amal Biswas  Inoue Kazushige  Kenji Takii 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(10):e517-e523

A two‐factor experiment incorporating two photoperiods (16 L:8 D and 24 L:0 D) and four feeding intervals (6, 9, 12 and 24 h) was carried out to determine the most efficient feeding interval and photoperiod for striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Blood was collected to measure the stress indicators. Both the photoperiod and the feeding intervals had a significant effect on the growth performance of striped knifejaw; however, their interaction did not produce any significant effect. The final body weight, weight gain (%) and feed intake at 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐h feeding intervals under 16 L:8 D were significantly higher than those at the 24‐h interval irrespective of the photoperiod (P<0.05). The specific growth rate at 6, 9 and 12 h intervals of the 16 L:8 D photoperiod was significantly higher than that of the other feeding intervals, except at 12 h of the 24 L:0 D photoperiod (P<0.05). At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein observed in fish exposed to different photoperiods compared with the initial levels. The results suggested that a combination of a 16 L:8 D photoperiod and either of 6‐, 9‐ or 12‐h intervals can be used to stimulate the growth performance in striped knifejaw.  相似文献   

Effects of elevated CO₂ and water stress on mineral concentration of cotton     

G. Huluka  D.R. Hileman  P.K. Biswas  K.F. Lewin  J. Nagy  G.R. Hendrey 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1994,70(1-4)

Projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations may alter mineral and protein levels in plant tissues, systematically affecting growth, nutrient cycling and utilization, residue decomposition, and insect-plant interactions in the future. The free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) system provided an opportunity to monitor seasonal trends in nutrient status and crude protein content of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Deltapine 77) grown in a natural field setting without the limitations often imposed by growth chambers or reduced rooting volumes. In 1990, plants were exposed to two levels of atmospheric CO₂ (FACE, ≈ 550 μmol mol⁻¹ and CONTROL, ≈ 370 μmol mol⁻¹) and two irrigation regimes (100% and 75% replacement of evapotranspiration) beginning in early July. Cotton leaves, stem, and roots were sampled at different times during the season and analyzed for C, N, Ca, K, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Si and protein. The N and protein concentrations of leaves, stems and roots were significantly lower in FACE plants than in CONTROL plants, but C:N ratios were higher for the FACE plants than the CONTROL plants. Some other elements were significantly affected by CO₂ enrichment, but not for all dates and all plant tissues. There were no significant effects in any of the data because of the irrigation treatment or the irrigation—CO₂ interaction. Reductions in tissue N and protein concentrations and the increases in the C:N with CO₂ enrichment have important implications for agricultural and natural systems and demand additional research.  相似文献   

Sulfide Production by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria with Lactate as Feed in an Upflow Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor     

El bayoumy  Mahmoud A.  Bewtra  Jatinder K.  Ali  Hamdy I.  Biswas  N. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1999,112(1-2):67-84

The sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have the capability of reducing sulfate (SO4-2) under anaerobic conditions into sulfide (S-2) which can precipitate metals as metal sulfides. The optimum conditions for sulfide production by SRB utilizing lactate, in an upflow anaerobic fixed film reactor (UAFFR) were not previously established. The main objective of this research was to investigate these conditions for the growth of SRB to ensure the highest sulfide production under consistent behaviour of the system. Substrate containing lactate as the organic carbon source along with sulfate, nitrogen and phosphorus as the required nutrients was used as a feed to the UAFER which was seeded with SRB. It was found that an optimum sulfide production occurred with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 6 kg d-1 m-3, while the theoretical oxygen demand to sulfate ratio (ThOD/SO4) ranged from 1.5 to 2.25. Also, the optimum total nitrogen and phosphorus demands were determined to be about 250 and 50 mg L-1 respectively. A total nitrogen concentration above 600 mg L-1 started showing toxicity and lowered the sulfide production. The optimum ThOD:N:P for sulfide production and growth of SRB in the UAFFR was 100:5:1 under optimum conditions.  相似文献   

Growth performance and physiological responses in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, held under different photoperiods     

Amal K. Biswas  Manabu Seoka  Kiyotaka Ueno  Annita S.K. Yong  Biswajit K. Biswas  Yang-Su Kim  Kenji Takii  Hidemi Kumai 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,279(1-4):42-46

The growth performance and stress response in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus (body weight 100–300 g) reared under four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) were investigated. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation, two times a day for 8 weeks. A trial of acute handling and confinement stress was also carried out to investigate the stress-induced levels of different stress indicators in O. fasciatus. Blood was also collected from undisturbed fish which was considered as control. Although there were no significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in fish exposed to 6L:6D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, all parameters in these photoperiods were significantly higher than those of 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in protein retention efficiency (PRE) between fish exposed to 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, but PRE in both photoperiods was significantly higher than that of 12L:12D photoperiod.Acute stress significantly increased the plasma levels of cortisol (110.3 ng ml^− 1) and glucose (195.4 mg dl^− 1), and decreased plasma levels of total protein (0.8 g dl^− 1); however, all parameters were returned back to the levels indistinguishable from those of control, undisturbed fish within 24 h. The levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in fish exposed to different photoperiods during the study were far from the stress-induced levels (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the growth performance of O. fasciatus reared from 100 to 300 g can be stimulated significantly by using the manipulated photoperiods where feeding time may be playing an important role to increase food intake and feed conversion efficiency. It also revealed that the artificial photoperiods did not cause significant stress response in fish.  相似文献   

Identification of RAPD‐SCAR marker linked to white spot syndrome virus resistance in populations of giant black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon Fabricius     

S Dutta  S Biswas  K Mukherjee  U Chakrabarty  A Mallik  N Mandal 《Journal of fish diseases》2014,37(5):471-480

White spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) creates severe epizootics in shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. Despite several efforts, no such permanent remedy was yet developed. Selective breeding using DNA markers would be a cost‐effective strategy for long‐term solution of this problem. In the present investigation, out of 30 random primers, only one primer produced a statistically significant (P < 0.01) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker of 502 bp, which provided a good discrimination between disease resistant and disease susceptible populations of Penaeus monodon from three geographical locations along the East coast of India. Because RAPD markers are dominant, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed by cloning and sequencing of 502 bp RAPD fragment, which generates a single 457 bp DNA fragment after PCR amplification only in the disease resistant shrimps. Challenge experiment was also conducted to validate this 457 bp SCAR marker, and the results suggested that the WSSV loads were 2.25 × 10³ fold higher in disease susceptible than that in disease resistant shrimps using real‐time PCR. Therefore, this 457 bp DNA SCAR marker will be very valuable towards the development of disease‐free shrimp aquaculture industry.  相似文献   

孟加拉国丘陵地带桔园和灌木林地土壤物理性质的比较评价   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury　Md. Abdul Halim　Shampa Biswas　S. M. Sirajul Haque　Nur Muhammed　Masao Koike 《林业研究》2007,18(3):245-248

The physical properties of soil on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill Tracts （CHTs） were evaluated and compared with those of bushy hill forests. Soil samples were collected from three different depths （0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15-30 cm）, digging three profiles in each land use for determining moisture content, organic matter content and particle density. Maximum water holding capacity, field capacity, dry and moist bulk density and porosity were determined only for the surface soils. Moisture content at all the soil depths was significantly higher （p≤ 0.05） in orange orchard than in forest on both the slopes. Orange orchard contained lower mean soil organic matter than forest on 55% slope, while it contained higher values on 35% slope compared to forest. The highest value of the above two properties was found at surface soil in both the land uses on both the slopes, decreasing with the increase of soil depth. On both the slopes maximum water holding capacity and porosity of surface soil and particle density at all soil depths were lower in orange orchard compared to those in forest. Field capacity values of surface soil did not show consistency in trend for the differences between the two land uses on both the slopes. Bulk density value of moist and dry surface soil was higher in orange orchard than in forest on both the hill slopes.  相似文献   

Source Apportionment of the Atmospheric Aerosol in Lahore, Pakistan     

Suresh Raja  Karabi F. Biswas  Liaquat Husain  Philip K. Hopke 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,208(1-4):43-57

Samples of airborne particulate matter (PM_2.5) were collected at a site in Lahore, Pakistan from November 2005 to January 2006. A total of 129 samples were collected using an Andersen Reference Ambient Air Sampler 2.5-400 sampler and analyzed for major ions, trace metals, and organic and elemental carbon concentrations. The data set was then analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify the possible sources of the atmospheric PM collected in this urban area. Six factors reproduced the PM_2.5 sample compositions with meaningful physical interpretation of the resolved factors. The sources included secondary PM, diesel emissions, biomass burning, coal combustion, two-stroke vehicle exhaust, and industrial sources. Diesel and two-stroke vehicles contributed about 36%, biomass burning about 15%, and coal combustion sources around 13% of the PM_2.5 mass. Nearly two thirds of the PM_2.5 mass is carbonaceous material. Secondary particles contributed about 30% of PM_2.5 mass. The conditional probability function (CPF) was then used to help identify likely locations of the sources present in this area. CPF analysis point to the east and northeast, which are directions of urban and industrial areas located across the border near Amritsar, India as the most probable source for high PM_2.5 concentration from diesel and two-stroke vehicles exhaust in Lahore. Analysis of those days within three different ranges of PM_2.5 concentration shows that most of the measured high PM_2.5 mass concentrations were driven by diesel and two-stroke vehicle emissions including the associated primary sulfate. The use of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) to find the source locations of regionally transported particles is inapplicable in situations when high PM_2.5 concentrations are dominated by local sources and local meteorology.  相似文献   

Simple multiresidue method for monitoring of trimethoprim and sulfonamide residues in buffalo meat by high-performance liquid chromatography     

Biswas AK  Rao GS  Kondaiah N  Anjaneyulu AS  Malik JK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(22):8845-8850

A simple, specific, and rapid analytical method for the determination of trimethoprim (TMP) and three sulfonamide (SA) antimicrobial drug residues in buffalo meat is developed and validated. This method is based on a solid-phase extraction technique followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array (PDA) detection. Target compounds were extracted from the meat by acetonitrile and water, cleaned up on a Bond Elute C 18 cartridge column, and separated on a RP-C 18 column during HPLC analysis. Acetonitrile along with water appears to be an excellent extractant as recovery of the analytes at maximum residues levels (MRLs) in spiked sample was in the range of 75-108%, with coefficient of variations (CVs) ranging between 1.34 and 22%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.031 and 0.062 microg/g, respectively, for all of the compounds. Intra- and interday assay precisions of the method at 0.125 microg/g concentrations for any drug ranged between 3 and 4%. The linearities of the TMP, sulfadimidine (SDM), sulfadoxine (SDO), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were 0.9989, 0.9999, 0.9998, and 0.9997, respectively. For robustness, the analytical method was applied to 122 buffalo meat samples obtained from export meat processing plants.  相似文献