Impacts of land use and topography on the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas     

Shuko Hamada  Takafumi Tanaka  Takeshi Ohta 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2013,12(4):426-434

Few studies have examined the influence of land use and terrain on the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas. We investigated the spatial distribution of the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas in Heiwa Park, Nagoya, central Japan, by applying surface temperature (T_s) information obtained from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image data. The cooling effect was found to extend in many directions into the urban areas. The spatial distribution of T_s showed that commercial areas interrupted the flow of park cooling, whereas other types of urban areas expanded park cooling more effectively. We hypothesise that this was the result of differences in geometric and thermal properties and anthropogenic heat release between commercial and other areas. The spatial distribution of T_s also reflected the effects of topography on park cooling. The green area at our study site was located on a hill, and the downward slope and valley terrain inside the park increased the cooling effect towards the surrounding urban areas. To improve the thermal environment of urban areas and the comfort levels of residents, effective utilisation of the cooling effect of green areas should be incorporated into urban designs that consider the effects of land use and topography.  相似文献   

Utilization of flow cytometry for festulolium breeding (Lolium multiflorum (2x) × Festuca arundinacea (6x))     

Yukio Akiyama  Yasufumi Ueyama  Seiya Hamada  Akito Kubota  Daisuke Kato  Hitomi Yamada-Akiyama  Yoshinori Takahara  Masahiro Fujimori 《Breeding Science》2016,66(2):234-243

Festulolium is a hybrid between Festuca and Lolium species that has valuable agronomic traits from both grass species. The purpose of our breeding program is to produce hexaploid festulolium that introduces tolerance to summer depression into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by crossing it with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). However, we found the DNA ploidy of hexaploids was not stable and was reduced in successive generations. We aimed to find out how to obtain stable high-ploidy festulolium. F1 hybrids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea were produced. The F3 generation was produced from putative hexaploid F2 individuals by open pollination. The F4 to F6 generations were obtained by polycrossing. The DNA ploidy levels of F2 to F6 individuals were estimated by flow cytometry. Cytological characteristics of the F5 and F6 individuals were investigated by FISH and GISH. The DNA ploidy level of hexaploid festulolium was reduced and stabilized at almost the same level as a tetraploid. Seed fertility was inversely correlated with an increase in ploidy level. GISH revealed no preferential Lolium transmission. FISH with a telomere probe revealed that counting the exact number of chromosomes in festulolium was difficult. DNA ploidy level was strongly correlated with the number of chromosomes.  相似文献   

Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) characterization of acetylated fir (Abies sachallnensis MAST) wood regenerated from ionic liquid     

Qu C  Kishimoto T  Kishino M  Hamada M  Nakajima N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(10):5382-5389

An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), was used to dissolve Japanese fir (Abies sachallnensis MAST) wood. Milled woods prepared by planetary ball-milling for 8 h dissolved completely in [Bmim]Cl at 100 °C in 2 h. The dissolved woods were then subjected to in situ acetylation, and the fully acetylated woods were regenerated from [Bmim]Cl. (1)H-(13)C correlation heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were successfully conducted with the acetylated woods in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d(6). The acetylated lignin and polysaccharide signals dispersed reasonably well on the 2D spectra. Characterization of the NMR signals for the whole cell-wall components, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses, was achieved by comparison with isolated lignin and commercial cellulose and hemicelluloses (arabinoxylan, galactomannan, and glucomannan). The procedure used here is applicable for the characterization of cell-wall components in various plant biomasses.  相似文献   

Protective efficacy of H5 inactivated vaccines in meat turkey poults after challenge with Egyptian variant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus     

Kilany WH  Abdelwhab EM  Arafa AS  Selim A  Safwat M  Nawar AA  Erfan AM  Hassan MK  Aly MM  Hafez HM 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(1-2):28-34

In contrast to chickens, there is a paucity of information on the potency of H5 vaccines to protect turkeys against the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections. In this study, 4 groups, 10 turkey poults each, were vaccinated at seven days old with one of H5N2 or H5N1 commercial vaccines or one of two prepared H5N1 vaccines from a local Egyptian variant HPAI H5N1 (EGYvar/H5N1) strain. At 35 days age, all vaccinated and 10 non vaccinated birds were challenged intranasal with 10(6) EID(50)/0.1 ml of EGYvar/H5N1. All vaccines used in this study were immunogenic in turkeys. There was no cross reaction between the commercial vaccines and the Egyptian variant H5N1 antigen as obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Birds vaccinated with H5N2 vaccine were died, while other H5N1 vaccinated groups have had 20-40% mortality. The highest virus excretion was found in non-vaccinated infected and H5N2 vaccinated birds. Eleven peculiar amino acid substitutions in H5 protein of the variant strain were existed neither in the vaccine strains nor in the earliest H5N1 virus introduced into Egypt in 2006. In conclusion, single vaccination at seven days old is inadequate for protection of meat turkeys against variant HPAI H5N1 challenge and multi-dose vaccination at older age is recommended. For the foreseeable future, continuous evaluation of the current vaccines in H5N1 endemic countries in the face of virus evolution is a paramount challenge to mitigate the socio-economic impact of the virus.  相似文献   

Autophagy defends cells against invading group A Streptococcus     

Nakagawa I  Amano A  Mizushima N  Yamamoto A  Yamaguchi H  Kamimoto T  Nara A  Funao J  Nakata M  Tsuda K  Hamada S  Yoshimori T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5698):1037-1040

We found that the autophagic machinery could effectively eliminate pathogenic group A Streptococcus (GAS) within nonphagocytic cells. After escaping from endosomes into the cytoplasm, GAS became enveloped by autophagosome-like compartments and were killed upon fusion of these compartments with lysosomes. In autophagy-deficient Atg5-/- cells, GAS survived, multiplied, and were released from the cells. Thus, the autophagic machinery can act as an innate defense system against invading pathogens.  相似文献   

A Feedback Mechanism to Control Apoptosis Occurs in the Digestive Gland of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas Exposed to the Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Producer Alexandrium catenella     

Jean-Luc Rolland  Walid Medhioub  Agnes Vergnes  Celina Abi-khalil  Véronique Savar  Eric Abadie  Estelle Masseret  Zouher Amzil  Mohamed Laabir 《Marine drugs》2014,12(9):5035-5054

To better understand the effect of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) accumulation in the digestive gland of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, we experimentally exposed individual oysters for 48 h to a PSTs producer, the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. In comparison to the effect of the non-toxic Alexandrium tamarense, on the eight apoptotic related genes tested, Bax and BI.1 were significantly upregulated in oysters exposed 48 h to A. catenella. Among the five detoxification related genes tested, the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) was shown to be correlated with toxin concentration in the digestive gland of oysters exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate. Beside this, we observed a significant increase in ROS production, a decrease in caspase-3/7 activity and normal percentage of apoptotic cells in this tissue. Taken together, these results suggest a feedback mechanism, which may occur in the digestive gland where BI.1 could play a key role in preventing the induction of apoptosis by PSTs. Moreover, the expression of CYP1A, Bax and BI.1 were found to be significantly correlated to the occurrence of natural toxic events, suggesting that the expression of these genes together could be used as biomarker to assess the biological responses of oysters to stress caused by PSTs.  相似文献   

Haloarchaea as Cell Factories to Produce Bioplastics     

Lorena Sim-Cabrera  Salvador García-Chumillas  Nashwa Hagagy  Amna Saddiq  Hend Tag  Samy Selim  Hamada AbdElgawad  Alejandro Arribas Agüero  Fuensanta Monz Snchez  Vernica Cnovas  Carmen Pire  Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa 《Marine drugs》2021,19(3)

Plastic pollution is a worldwide concern causing the death of animals (mainly aquatic fauna) and environmental deterioration. Plastic recycling is, in most cases, difficult or even impossible. For this reason, new research lines are emerging to identify highly biodegradable bioplastics or plastic formulations that are more environmentally friendly than current ones. In this context, microbes, capable of synthesizing bioplastics, were revealed to be good models to design strategies in which microorganisms can be used as cell factories. Recently, special interest has been paid to haloarchaea due to the capability of some species to produce significant concentrations of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) when growing under a specific nutritional status. The growth of those microorganisms at the pilot or industrial scale offers several advantages compared to that of other microbes that are bioplastic producers. This review summarizes the state of the art of bioplastic production and the most recent findings regarding the production of bioplastics by halophilic microorganisms with special emphasis on haloarchaea. Some protocols to produce/analyze bioplastics are highlighted here to shed light on the potential use of haloarchaea at the industrial scale to produce valuable products, thus minimizing environmental pollution by plastics made from petroleum.  相似文献   

Mining Indonesian Microbial Biodiversity for Novel Natural Compounds by a Combined Genome Mining and Molecular Networking Approach     

Ira Handayani  Hamada Saad  Shanti Ratnakomala  Puspita Lisdiyanti  Wien Kusharyoto  Janina Krause  Andreas Kulik  Wolfgang Wohlleben  Saefuddin Aziz  Harald Gross  Athina Gavriilidou  Nadine Ziemert  Yvonne Mast 《Marine drugs》2021,19(6)

Indonesia is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world and a promising resource for novel natural compound producers. Actinomycetes produce about two thirds of all clinically used antibiotics. Thus, exploiting Indonesia’s microbial diversity for actinomycetes may lead to the discovery of novel antibiotics. A total of 422 actinomycete strains were isolated from three different unique areas in Indonesia and tested for their antimicrobial activity. Nine potent bioactive strains were prioritized for further drug screening approaches. The nine strains were cultivated in different solid and liquid media, and a combination of genome mining analysis and mass spectrometry (MS)-based molecular networking was employed to identify potential novel compounds. By correlating secondary metabolite gene cluster data with MS-based molecular networking results, we identified several gene cluster-encoded biosynthetic products from the nine strains, including naphthyridinomycin, amicetin, echinomycin, tirandamycin, antimycin, and desferrioxamine B. Moreover, 16 putative ion clusters and numerous gene clusters were detected that could not be associated with any known compound, indicating that the strains can produce novel secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrate that sampling of actinomycetes from unique and biodiversity-rich habitats, such as Indonesia, along with a combination of gene cluster networking and molecular networking approaches, accelerates natural product identification.  相似文献   

Treatment of poplar callus with ferulic and sinapic acids I: incorporation and enhancement of lignin biosynthesis     

Katsuyoshi Hamada  Yuji Tsutsumi  Kazuchika Yamauchi  Kazuhiko Fukushima  Tomoaki Nishida 《Journal of Wood Science》2003,49(4):333-338

Ferulic acid (FA), tetradeuteroferulic acid (DFA), sinapic acid (SA), or heptadeuterosinapic acid (DSA) was exogenously supplied to poplar (Populus alba L.) callus. Administration of FA or SA increased the lignin content of the callus to about twice that of the control callus. Gas chromatographic analysis of the alkali hydrolysate of the cell wall residue revealed that only a trace amount of SA was bound to the cell wall, and the amount of FA was less than 2% of the total callus lignin. Thioacidolysis of the DFA-treated callus indicated that DFA is effectively converted to both coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols and then incorporated into the corresponding lignin. Incorporation of DSA into syringyl lignin or guaiacyl lignin was not observed, but yields of syringyl lignin thioacidolysis products were markedly increased by DSA treatment of the callus. These results suggest that SA may not be a precursor of sinapyl alcohol and syringyl lignin per se, but it may induce or enhance the biosynthesis of syringyl lignin in poplar callus.  相似文献   

Heat-epimerized tea catechins rich in gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate are more effective to inhibit cholesterol absorption than tea catechins rich in epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate     

Ikeda I  Kobayashi M  Hamada T  Tsuda K  Goto H  Imaizumi K  Nozawa A  Sugimoto A  Kakuda T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(25):7303-7307

It has been known that tea catechins, (-)-epicatechin (1), (-)-epigallocatechin (2), (-)-epicatechin gallate (3), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (4) are epimerized to(-)-catechin (5), (-)-gallocatechin (6), (-)-catechin gallate (7), and (-)-gallocatechin gallate (8), respectively, during retort pasteurization. We previously reported that tea catechins, mainly composed of 3 and 4, effectively inhibit cholesterol absorption in rats. In this study, the effect of heat-epimerized catechins on cholesterol absorption was compared with tea catechins. Both tea catechins and heat-epimerized catechins lowered lymphatic recovery of cholesterol in rats cannulated in the thoracic duct and epimerized catechins were more effective than tea catechins. The effect of purified catechins on micellar solubility of cholesterol was examined in an in vitro study. The addition of gallate esters of catechins reduced micellar solubility of cholesterol by precipitating cholesterol from bile salt micelles. Compounds 7 and 8 were more effective to precipitate cholesterol than 3 and 4, respectively. These observations strongly suggest that heat-epimerized catechins may be more hypocholesterolemic than tea catechins.  相似文献