The phytoplasma disease ‘mung bean phyllody’ is now present in Pakistan     

K. P. Akhtar  M. Dickinson  J Hodgetts  G. Abbas  M. J. Asghar  T. M. Shah  B. M. Atta  M. Ahmad  M. A. Haq 《Plant pathology》2010,59(2):399-399

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<Emphasis Type="Italic">In planta</Emphasis> PCR-based detection of early infection of plant-parasitic nematodes in the roots: a step towards the understanding of infection and plant defence     

Syarifah Aisyafaznim Sayed Abdul Rahman  Zulqarnain Mohamed  Rofina Yasmin Othman  Rony Swennen  Bart Panis  Dirk De Waele  Serge Remy  Sebastien Christian Carpentier 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(3):343-351

The polyphagous obligate parasites Meloidogyne spp. devastate a wide range of crop plants including bananas and plantains. Their infestations impact agriculture worldwide. Therefore, an effective combating regime against this nematode species and an in-depth understanding of plant-nematode interaction are essential. Early detection of infection by visual inspection is not possible. This hampers early control strategy efforts and makes in-depth research of the early infection and plant defence unfeasible. A simple and robust in planta PCR-based nematode detection method is described here as the first crucial step. This PCR-based detection assay exploits the existence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene family in the nematodes for early detection of nematode penetration into the roots. The results demonstrate that this detection assay is suitable to serve as a molecular screening tool for plant root diagnostic purposes.  相似文献   

Vegetation structure of subtropical forest of Tabai,South Waziristan,Pakistan     

Lal Badshah  Farrukh Hussain  Naveed Akhtar 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2010,4(2):232-236

Phytosociological parameters, soil and temperature conditions, importance values of species, life form, leaf size, and biomass were investigated at the village Tabai during autumn 2006. There was very little difference in air and soil temperature due to similar elevation. There was a great difference in biomass production for various stands. The original vegetation structure has been altered due to deforestation and overgrazing. There is a need for restoration of the habitat.  相似文献   

Genetic analysis and identification of SSR marker linked to Phomopsis blight resistance in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)     

Bhanushree Narayanswami  Bhoopal Singh Tomar  Jameel Akhtar  Tusar Kanti Behera  Ranjith Kumar Ellur  Rama Mithra V. Sevanthi  Jaiswal Sarika  Partha Saha 《Plant Breeding》2023,142(5):700-710

The present investigation was carried out to decipher inheritance of resistance and to identify linked SSR markers for Phomopsis blight resistance in eggplant. An F₂ population comprising 161 plants was developed from the cross of Pusa Kranti and BR-40-7. Genetic analysis was carried out using Chi square test. Artificial inoculation of fruits was carried out using pin prick method, and scoring was done as per the standard scoring scale. The F₂ plants segregated into 92 susceptible (77—highly susceptible, 15—susceptible): 69 resistant (17—highly resistant, 27—resistant, 25—moderately resistant) suggesting complimentary epistasis with ratio of 9:7. To identify the putatively linked markers to resistance gene, parental polymorphic markers were subjected to bulk segregant analysis (BSA), and two markers (emk03O04 and emf11A03) could differentiate resistant and susceptible bulk and co-segregated with resistance gene. The genetic distance between the identified markers was found to be 18.12 cM using QTL IciMapping V3.2 software depicting two new QTLs on chromosome number 6. The identified QTLs have great significant importance in marker assisted breeding programme.  相似文献   

A Sero-Epidemiological Study of Haemophilus Somnus Infection in Dairy Cattle     

Akhtar  S.  Farver  T.B.  Riemann  H.P. 《Veterinary research communications》1997,21(4):229-239

Akhtar, S., Farver, T.B. and Riemann, H.P., 1997. A sero-epidemiological study of Haemophilus somnus infection in dairy cattle. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (4), 229-239Five repeated cross-sectional serological surveys of 790 dairy cattle in 4 dairy herds between December 1985 and February 1987 provided an opportunity to study the changes in the seroprevalence of Haemophilus somnus across the 5 surveys and with respect to some demographic and disease variables. The demographic variables included were age (heifers or cows) and farm, representing two groups of herds (two herds in each group, located in the Central and Northern Valleys of California). The serological status of cattle as either negative or positive against H. somnus, Campylobacter fetus and Leptospira hardjo were determined with enzyme linked-immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute maximum likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals.The baseline risk of being H. somnus seropositive in the cattle observed at first sampling did not vary significantly during the study period after adjustment for the effects of covariates. Only at first sampling were cows about twice as likely to be H. somnus seropositive than heifers. At samplings 1 and 3, but not at 2 and 5, being in the herds of the Central Valley appeared protective. In contrast, at sampling 4 the cattle in herds in the Central Valley were about 7 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive. C. fetus-positive cattle were about 3 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive at sampling 1 only. The relationship between H. somnus status and L. hardjo was not significant during the study period.  相似文献   

Evaluation of immunostimulatory and immunotherapeutic effects of tropical mushroom (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinus edodes</Emphasis>) against eimeriasis in chicken     

Muhammad Irfan Ullah  Masood Akhtar  Mian Muhammad Awais  Muhammad Irfan Anwar  Kashfa Khaliq 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):97-104

Mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) were processed for hot water (HWE), methanolic (ME), and polysaccharide (PSE) extracts. Polysaccharides were isolated through ion exchange (DEAE cellulose) and size exclusion (Sephadex G-100) chromatography. Monosaccharides including maltose (0.282%), glucose (0.113%), and mannose (0.451%) were identified, qualitatively and quantitatively, from the isolated polysaccharides through high-performance liquid chromatography. The whole study was divided into two experiments. Experiment 1 was meant for the evaluation of HWE and ME; whereas, experiment 2 was meant for the evaluation of PSE for immunostimulatory and immunotherapeutic activities. The cellular and humoral immune responses were demonstrated through lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and anti-body response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), respectively. The immunotherapeutic effects of these extracts were demonstrated against eimeriasis in terms of lesion scoring, oocysts per gram of droppings, and percent protection. Cell-mediated immune responses observed at 24, 48, and 72 h post-PHA-P injection were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chickens administered with any of the three extracts (PSE, ME, and HWE), when compared with the controls. Humoral immune response in terms of anti-SRBCs anti-body titers was also observed higher in chickens administered with mushroom extracts. In the challenge experiment, significantly higher (P < 0.05) OPG and lesion scores were observed in controls as compared to the groups administered with mushroom extracts (HWE, ME, and PSE). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) percent protection against eimeriasis was observed in all groups administered with different extracts of L. edodes as compared to controls. In conclusion, L. edodes extracts showed immunostimulatory potential which persisted against eimeriasis in chicken.  相似文献   

Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia     

Kiven Kumar  Siti Suri Arshad  Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah  Jalila Abu  Ooi Peck Toung  Yusuf Abba  Faruku Bande  A. R. Yasmin  Reuben Sharma  Bee Lee Ong  Anisah Abdul Rasid  Norsuzana Hashim  Amira Peli  E. P. Heshini  Ahmad Khusaini Mohd Kharip Shah 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(4):741-752

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is vector-borne zoonotic disease which causes encephalitis in humans and horses. Clinical signs for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection are not clearly evident in the majority of affected animals. In Malaysia, information on the prevalence of JEV infection has not been established. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted during two periods, December 2015 to January 2016 and March to August in 2016, to determine the prevalence and risk factors in JEV infections among animals and birds in Peninsular Malaysia. Serum samples were harvested from the 416 samples which were collected from the dogs, cats, water birds, village chicken, jungle fowls, long-tailed macaques, domestic pigs, and cattle in the states of Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Kelantan, and Pahang. The serum samples were screened for JEV antibodies by commercial IgG ELISA kits. A questionnaire was also distributed to obtain information on the animals, birds, and the environmental factors of sampling areas. The results showed that dogs had the highest seropositive rate of 80% (95% CI: ±?11.69) followed by pigs at 44.4% (95% CI: ±?1.715), cattle at 32.2% (95% CI: ±?1.058), birds at 28.9% (95% CI: ±?5.757), cats at 15.6% (95% CI: ±?7.38), and monkeys at 14.3% (95% CI: ±?1.882). The study also showed that JEV seropositivity was high in young animals and in areas where mosquito vectors and migrating birds were prevalent.  相似文献   

Pot study on wheat growth in saline and waterlogged compacted soil: II. Root growth and leaf ionic relations     

Muhammad Saqib  Javaid Akhtar  Riaz Hussain Qureshi 《Soil & Tillage Research》2004,77(2):179-187

Soil compaction affects plant growth by causing increased resistance to root penetration and a decreased uptake of water and ions. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil compaction in conjunction with the soil salinity and waterlogging on root growth and leaf ionic composition of two wheat genotypes (Aqaab and MH-97). Compaction was achieved at a 10% soil moisture content by dropping 5 kg weight, controlled by a tripod stand for 20 times from 0.6 m height on a wooden block placed inside the soil-filled pots. Soil bulk density of non-compact and compact treatments was measured as 1.21 and 1.65 Mg m⁻³, respectively. The desired salinity level (15 dS m⁻¹) was developed by mixing required amount of NaCl in the soil before filling the pots. Waterlogging was developed by flooding the pots for 21 days both at tillering and booting stages. Compaction significantly reduced the root length density (RLD) of both the wheat genotypes while the combined effect of compaction×salinity was more drastic on root length density than compaction alone. Waterlogging however, did not decrease the root length density, rather it mitigated the effect of compaction. Compaction decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio in leaves. Salinity also decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, but increased the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the crop leaves. Salinity and compaction interacted to cause a greater reduction in K⁺ concentration and the K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, while there was lesser increase in the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ compared with salinity alone. Waterlogging also decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio in leaves. It intensified the effect of salinity but decreased the effect of compaction on leaf ionic composition. Therefore, the effect of compaction on root growth and ion uptake is more severe under salt-affected soil conditions than under normal soil conditions while occasional waterlogging of a compact soil for a few days makes the soil conditions favorable for root growth both under non-saline as well as saline soil conditions. Also, the performance of a genotype in stressed environment is related to maintenance of higher root length density, leaf K⁺ concentration and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio and lower leaf Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations.  相似文献   

Genetic analysis of post-weaning growth traits of Thalli sheep under tropical conditions     

Asghar Hussain  Pervez Akhtar  Safdar Ali  Khalid Javed  Muhammad Younas  Abdul Shakoor  Usman Waheed 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(8):1527-1531

Present investigation was carried out to study the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors affecting post-weaning performance traits in Thalli sheep. Data on post-weaning growth of Thalli sheep maintained at Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Ghulaman, District Bhakkar-Punjab, Pakistan during 1977–2003 were subjected to genetic analysis. The average values for weight at 180 and 270 days of age, yearling weight and post-weaning average daily gain were 22.37?±?4.21, 25.96?±?4.90 and 28.93?±?5.20 kg and 28?±?0.01 g/day, respectively. Weight at 180, 270 and 365 days of age and post-weaning average daily gain were significantly affected by year of birth, sex, type of birth and weaning weight (covariable) whereas season of birth was a significant source of variation for 180 and 270 days of age. The heritability estimates for 180 and 270 days, yearling weight and post-weaning average daily gain were 0.07?±?0.02, 0.08?±?0.02, 0.07?±?0.02 and 0.07?±?0.02, respectively.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and biochemical responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan     

M.S. Akhtar  A.K. PalN.P. Sahu  Alexander CijiS.K. Gupta 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,103(1):23-30

A sixty-day experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on growth performance, RNA/DNA ratio and some biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal dose of endosulfan (1/10th of 96 h static non-renewal LC₅₀ = 0.2 ppb) to assess the role of pyridoxine in ameliorating the negative effects of endosulfan. Two hundred seventy fingerlings (6.5 ± 0.26 g) were randomly distributed into six treatments in triplicates (15 fish/tank). Five iso-nitrogenous (35.45-35.75% crude protein) purified diets were prepared with graded levels of pyridoxine. Six treatment groups were T₀ (10 mg PN + without endosulfan), T₁ (0 mg PN + endosulfan), T₂ (10 mg PN + endosulfan), T₃ (50 mg PN + endosulfan), T₄ (100 mg PN + endosulfan) and T₅ (200 mg PN + endosulfan). Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR), tissue glycogen, and protease activity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pyridoxine fed groups compared to their non-pyridoxine fed counterpart. Protease activity was positively correlated (R² = 0.931) with (%) weight gain. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in non-pyridoxine fed group and decreased in pyridoxine fed counterparts. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effect of dietary pyridoxine on feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival, gastro-somatic index (GSI), hepato-somatic index (HSI) and liver and muscle DNA levels of L. rohita fingerlings. RNA levels, both in liver and muscle, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in pyridoxine fed groups. A positive correlation was observed between growth and RNA levels, both in liver (R² = 0.91) and muscle (R² = 0.88). RNA/DNA ratio showed a third order polynomial relationship with dietary pyridoxine, both in liver (Y = −0.014x³ + 0.1613x² − 0.5333x + 0.7933, R² = 0.987) and muscle (Y = −0.0407x³ + 0.4763x² − 1.6358x + 2.4667, R² = 0.9345). The overall results obtained in present study indicated that dietary pyridoxine supplementation at 100 or 200 mg PN/kg diet ameliorates the negative effects of endosulfan and restores optimal growth of L. rohita fingerlings.  相似文献