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291.
This paper discusses the possibility of including the culturing of microalgae within a conventional wastewater treatment sequence by growing them on the blackwater (BW) from biosolid dewatering to produce biomass to feed the anaerobic digester. Two photobioreactors were used: a 12 L plexiglas column for indoor, lab-scale tests and a 85 L plexiglas column for outdoor culturing. Microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) could easily grow on the tested blackwater. The average specific growth rate in indoor and outdoor batch tests was satisfactory, ranging between 0.14 and 0.16 day?1. During a continuous test performed under outdoor conditions from May to November, in which the off-gas from the combined heat and power unit was used as the CO2 source, an average biomass production of 50 mgTSS L?1 day?1 was obtained. However, statistical analyses confirmed that microalgal growth was affected by environmental conditions (temperature and season) and that it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of nitrification. Finally, the biochemical methane potential of the algal biomass was slightly higher than that from waste sludge (208 mLCH4 gVS?1 vs. 190 mLCH4 gVS?1).  相似文献   
292.
Water quality assessment typically includes the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by oxidation of organic matter with Cr(VI) in an acidic medium followed by digestion. Unfortunately, the required reagents are harmful and the reaction times are rather long. We investigated earlier the use of H2O2 as a more environmentally friendly oxidizing agent to replace the hazardous chromates. In the present study, we have furthered this possibility by incorporating the use of H2O2 in the presence of UV light. A protocol has been devised and tested with standards and real samples that replaces toxic Cr(VI), halves the amount of silver sulfate required, and greatly reduces the necessary reaction time, thus yielding a faster and more environmentally sound method.  相似文献   
293.
The research comprised of studying the effect composting sewage sludge with sawdust and vermicomposting with earthworm Eisenia fetida has on the degradation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Raw rural sewage sludge prior composting was more contaminated with PAHs than urban sewage sludge, in both cases exceeding EU cutoff limits of 6 mg/kg established for land application. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahAnt), acenaphtylene (Acy) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr) were predominant in rural sewage sludge, whilst the urban sewage sludge contained the highest concentrations of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFl), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFl) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr). Thirty days of composting with sawdust has caused a significant reduction of 16 PAHs on average from 26.07 to 4.01 mg/kg (84.6%). During vermicomposting, total PAH concentration decreased on average from 15.5 to 2.37 mg/kg (84.7%). Vermicomposting caused full degradation of hydrocarbons containing 2 and 6 rings and significant reduction of PAHs with 3 aromatic rings (94.4%) as well as with 5 aromatic rings (83.2%). The lowest rate of degradation (64.4%) was observed for hydrocarbons with 4 aromatic rings such as fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene and pyrene. On the other hand, the highest level of degradation was determined for PAHs with 2 rings (100%), 3 rings (88%) and 6 aromatic rings in the molecule (86.9%) after composting with sawdust. Acenaphthene and pyrene were found to be the most resistant to biodegradation during both composting methods.  相似文献   
294.

Purpose

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with biochar is attracting extensive interest in recent years. Understanding the significance of variable biochar properties and soil types helps elucidating the meticulous roles of biochar in immobilizing/mobilizing metals/metalloids in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

Six biochars were produced from widely available agricultural wastes (i.e., soybean stover, peanut shells and pine needles) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. The Pb-, Cu-, and Sb-contaminated shooting range soils and Pb-, Zn-, and As-contaminated agricultural soils were amended with the produced biochars. The mobility of metals/metalloids was assessed by the standard batch leaching test, principal component analysis and speciation modeling.

Results and discussion

The changes in soil properties were correlated to feedstock types and pyrolysis temperatures of biochars based on the principal component analysis. Biochars produced at 300 °C were more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cu mobility (>93 %) in alkaline shooting range soil via surface complexation with carboxyl groups and Fe-/Al-minerals of biochars as well as metal-phosphates precipitation. By contrast, biochars produced at 700 °C outperformed their counterparts in decreasing Pb and Zn mobility (100 %) in acidic agricultural soil by metal-hydroxides precipitation due to biochar-induced pH increase. However, Sb and As mobility in both soils was unfavorably increased by biochar amendment, possibly due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and competition with phosphate.

Conclusions

It is noteworthy that the application of biochars is not equally effective in immobilizing metals or mobilizing metalloids in different soils. We should apply biochar to multi-metal contaminated soil with great caution and tailor biochar production for achieving desired outcome and avoiding adverse impact on soil ecosystem.
  相似文献   
295.

Purpose

Chemical protection facilitates soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and stabilisation due to a strong chemical binding with mineral surfaces and metal ions (e.g. iron [Fe], aluminium [Al] and calcium [Ca]). However, there is not much information regarding the role of chemical protection in SOC stabilisation in paddy soils, particularly in terms of the specific forms of organo-mineral complexes such as Fe-, Al- and Ca-bonded OC.

Materials and methods

We sampled paddy soils at the 0–20 cm soil layer from a long-term field experiment (initiated in 1981) conducted under humid subtropical conditions in China, which has five fertilisation treatments (i.e. control treatment without fertiliser [CK], chemical fertiliser only [CF], green manure [GM], Straw and Manure) with equivalent nutrient inputs (i.e. N, P2O5 and K2O at the rates of 135–67.5–135 kg ha?1, respectively, for both early and late rice) except CK. We determined the chemical binding forms of SOC and the associated soil properties in the particulate fraction (PF, >53 μm) and the mineral-associated fraction (MAF, <53 μm), which were obtained using a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure, of a paddy soil in the long-term fertilisation experiment.

Results and discussion

Iron- and Al-bonded OC (Fe/Al-OC) was the dominant fraction and made up 55–70% of the total SOC in the paddy soil, while Ca-bonded OC (Ca-OC) was only a minor fraction (<4%). The Fe/Al-OC was mainly allocated in the MAF (52–67%), indicating that the chemical protection of SOC occurred mostly in the finer particle fractions. Long-term application of organic amendments increased the contents of bulk SOC by 27–34% (P < 0.05), of Fe/Al-OC by 9–16% and of Ca-OC by 35–83% (P < 0.05), whereas the sole application of chemical fertiliser had no significant effects on SOC contents of the paddy soil compared with the treatment without fertiliser inputs. Both amorphous Fe and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate (Feox and Alox) showed significant correlations with Fe/Al-OC (r = 0.52 and 0.78, respectively), but Alox appeared to have a greater influence on C stabilisation in the paddy soil.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated that the dominant chemical binding forms of SOC in the paddy soils were Fe/Al-OC and amorphous Fe/Al oxyhydrates, especially amorphous Al, contributed mostly to the chemical stabilisation of SOC.
  相似文献   
296.
Soil nitrogen (N) loss related to surface flow and subsurface flow (including interflow and groundwater flow) from slope lands is a global issue. A lysimetric experiment with three types of land cover (grass cover, GC; litter cover, LC; and bare land, BL) were carried out on a red soil slope land in southeast China. Total Nitrogen (TN) loss through surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow was observed under 28 natural precipitation events from 2015 to 2016. TN concentrations from subsurface flow on BL and LC plots were, on average, 2.7–8.2 and 1.5–4.4 times greater than TN concentrations from surface flow, respectively; the average concentration of TN from subsurface flow on GC was about 36–56% of that recorded from surface flow. Surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow contributed 0–15, 2–9 and 76–96%, respectively, of loss load of TN. Compared with BL, GC and LC intercepted 83–86% of TN loss through surface runoff; GC intercepted 95% of TN loss through subsurface flow while TN loss through subsurface flow on LC is 2.3 times larger than that on BL. In conclusion, subsurface flow especially groundwater flow is the dominant hydrological rout for N loss that is usually underestimated. Grass cover has the high retention of N runoff loss while litter mulch will increase N leaching loss. These findings provide scientific support to control N runoff loss from the red soil slope lands by using suitable vegetation cover and mulching techniques.  相似文献   
297.
A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO42? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO3? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO3?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.  相似文献   
298.

Purpose

The study aimed at comparing the effects of different water managements on soil Cd immobilization using palygorskite, which was significant for the selection of reasonable water condition.

Materials and methods

Field experiment was taken to discuss the in situ remediation effects of palygorskite on Cd-polluted paddy soils, under different water managements, using a series of variables, including pH and extractable Cd in soils, plant Cd, enzyme activity, and microorganism number in soils.

Results and discussion

In control group, the pH in continuous flooding was the highest under three water conditions, and compared to conventional irrigation, continuous flooding reduced brown rice Cd by 37.9%, and brown rice Cd in wetting irrigation increased by 31.0%. In palygorskite treated soils, at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g kg?1, brown rice Cd reduced by 16.7, 44.4, and 55.6%; 13.8, 34.5, and 44.8%; and 13.1, 36.8, and 47.3% under continuous flooding, conventional irrigation, and wetting irrigation (p < 0.05), respectively. The enzyme activity and microbial number increased after applying palygorskite to paddy soils.

Conclusions

Continuous flooding was a good candidate as water management for soil Cd stabilization using palygorskite. Rise in soil enzyme activity and microbial number proved that ecological function regained after palygorskite application.
  相似文献   
299.
基于地区和土类的吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素时空变化特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为明确吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养的时空变化特征,基于2005—2013年间测土配方施肥项目测定的土壤全氮和碱解氮数据,分析吉林省不同地区、土类农田耕层土壤氮素养分的空间变异特征,并与第2次土壤普查数据对比,探讨土壤氮素养分的时间变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮含量为0.4~3.9g/kg,平均为(1.62±0.60)g/kg,碱解氮含量为15~360 mg/kg,平均为(145.0±59.5)mg/kg。不同土类之间全氮和碱解氮含量的高低顺序一致,均以暗棕壤最高,平均分别为(2.02±0.57)g/kg和(190.2±72.80)mg/kg,其后依次为白浆土、水稻土、黑土、草甸土、黑钙土和风沙土;空间变异方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养水平呈自东向西逐渐下降的分布特征,全氮和碱解氮含量在县域尺度上存在显著正相关关系;时间变化方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量相比第2次土壤普查均呈明显上升趋势,中部地区变化最显著,西部地区变化相对较小。不同土类之间,黑土、黑钙土、草甸土和风沙土呈上升趋势,而暗棕壤、白浆土和水稻土出现下降,其中以风沙土的增加和暗棕壤的下降最明显。综上所述,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养状况在空间上存在显著差异,时间上也发生了巨大变化。建议中部粮食主产区应严格控制作物施氮量以提高氮肥效率,降低环境风险,东、西部地区应因地制宜优化氮肥管理以提升地力,实现增产增效。  相似文献   
300.
吉林省玉米施肥效果与肥料利用效率现状研究   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11  
【目的】本研究通过收集整理2005~2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省布置的1110个“3414”田间试验,分析了施用氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量、经济效益的影响,测算了氮、磷、钾肥的利用效率,目的在于明确当前生产条件下吉林省玉米的施肥效果与肥料利用效率,为肥料的合理施用与配置提供依据。【方法】选取玉米“3414”田间试验的处理1(N0P0K0)、处理2(N0P2K2)、处理4(N2P0K2)、处理6(N2P2K2)和处理8(N2P2K0),分别记为不施肥(CK)、不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)和不施钾(-K)处理,研究不同施肥处理下的玉米产量、产值、施肥利润和产投比,比较增施氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应以及不同肥料的农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率。另外,分析不施肥处理(缺素处理)玉米产量与相应肥料贡献率之间的关系,并利用模型进行模拟。【结果】不施肥条件下,当前吉林省玉米的平均产量和产值分别为6.6 t/hm2和1.21×103 yuan/hm2。施肥可显著提高玉米的产量和经济收益,其中以NPK处理的玉米产量和施肥利润最高,平均分别为10.1 t/hm2和5.07×103 yuan/hm2,其后分别为-K处理(8.9 t/hm2、3.27×103 yuan/hm2)、-P处理(8.7 t/hm2、2.83×103 yuan/hm2)和-N处理(7.7 t/hm2、1.39×103 yuan/hm2)。在其他养分施用基础上,增施氮、磷、钾肥可平均分别增产2.36 t/hm2(35.1%)、1.39 t/hm2(18.0%)和1.18 t/hm2(14.9%),平均施肥利润分别为3.68×103、2.24×103和1.80×103 yuan/hm2。当前生产条件下,吉林省玉米在氮磷钾配施条件下的肥料农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率分别为11.4 kg/kg N、32.8 kg/kg和34.7%,而增施氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为14.3 kg/kg N、20.5 kg/kg P2O5和17.2 kg/kg K2O,平均偏生产力分别为61.1、146.4和142.4 kg/kg,平均肥料贡献率分别为23.4%、14.1%和11.9%。分析发现,氮磷钾肥配施(或某一肥料)的肥料贡献率随不施肥处理(或相应缺素处理)玉米产量的提高而显著下降,且关系符合对数函数模型,说明提高基础地力可减少对外源肥料的依赖。【结论】吉林省玉米氮磷钾肥的增产效果和肥料利用率相比全国平均水平较高,但仍需重视氮肥管理以稳产增效,继续大力推广平衡适量施肥理念及相应技术,在实现作物增产的同时提高肥料利用效率并促进土壤培肥。  相似文献   
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