Effect of contamination of pasture with military explosives on grazing behaviour in sheep     

G. Steinheim  Ø. A. Voie  T. Ådnøy  K. S. Longva  Ø. Holand 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(3):157-160

Abstract

Ungulates grazing in military training areas may be exposed to non-combusted fragments of various explosives, among which 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) are two of the most common. This study investigated if sheep react to their pastures being contaminated with TNT or HMX. The experiment was conducted in fenced-in study areas on grass-dominated pasture. The eight sheep studied did not differentiate between clean pasture and contaminated pasture when choosing freely between plots containing TNT, HMX or no contamination. The results indicate that sheep grazing military training areas are unlikely to have behavioural responses reducing time spent grazing sites where TNT or HMX are present as fragments in the field layer.  相似文献   

Clinical efficacy and safety of a water‐soluble micellar paclitaxel (Paccal Vet) in canine mastocytomas     

P. Rivera  N. Åkerlund‐Denneberg  K. Bergvall  M. Kessler  A. Rowe  M. Willmann  G. Persson  G. Kastengren Fröberg  S. Westberg  H. von Euler 《The Journal of small animal practice》2013,54(1):20-27

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Effects of production intensity and production strategies in commercial Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar L.) production on subsequent performance in the early sea stage     

Kristensen T  Haugen TO  Rosten T  Fjellheim A  Atland A  Rosseland BO 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(1):273-282

A data set from commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) producers on production intensity and production strategies in smolt tanks (N = 63–94) was obtained during 1999–2006. The effects of production intensity on subsequent fish mortality and growth during the early sea phase (90 days) were examined by principal component analysis and subsequent generalized linear model analysis. Levels of accumulated metabolites (CO₂, total ammonia nitrogen and NH₃), and information provided by producers (production density (kg fish m³⁻¹), specific water use (l kg fish⁻¹ min⁻¹) and oxygen drop (mg l⁻¹) from tank inlet to tank outlet), were used as predictor variables. In addition, several other welfare relevant variables such as disease history, temperature during freshwater and sea stage; season (S1) or off-season (S0) smolt production; and the use of seawater addition during the freshwater stage were analyzed. No strong intensity effects on mortality or growth were found. CO₂ levels alone (P < 0.001, R ² = 0.16), and in combination with specific water use (R ² = 0.20), had the strongest effect on mortality. In both cases, mortality decreased with increasing density. For growth, the intensity model with the most support (R ² = 0.17) was O₂ drop, density and their interaction effects, resulting in the best growth at low and high intensity, and poorer growth at intermediate levels. Documented viral disease outbreaks (infectious pancreatic necrosis and two cases of pancreas disease) in the sea phase resulted in significantly higher mortalities at 90 days compared with undiagnosed smolt groups, although mortalities were highly variable in both categories. The temperature difference between the freshwater stage and seawater had a small, but significant, effect on growth with the best growth in groups stocked to warmer seawater (P = 0.04, R ² = 0.06). S0 and S1 smolt groups did not differ significantly in growth, but the mortality was significantly (P = 0.02) higher in S1 groups. Seawater addition as a categorical variable had no significant effects, but when analyzed within the seawater addition group, intermediate salinities (15–25 ppt) gave the best results on growth (p = 0.04, R ² = 0.15). Production intensity had small explanatory power on subsequent seawater performance in the analyzed smolt groups. If anything, the analysis shows a beneficial effect of intensive production strategies on subsequent performance. Analysis of the various production strategies indicates better survival of S0 compared with S1 smolt groups, improved growth when stocked in seawater warmer than freshwater, and a negative effect of viral disease outbreaks on survival. The results clearly demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating results from experimental work on fish welfare and production intensity variables to commercial production. On the other hand, the presented results may simply demonstrate that the traditional fish welfare criteria growth and mortality may not suffice to evaluate welfare consequences of suboptimal water quality or production strategies in the aquaculture industry.  相似文献   

Confirmation of a Campylobacteriosis Outbreak Associated with Chicken Liver Pâté Using PFGE and WGS          下载免费PDF全文

E. Lahti  M. Löfdahl  J. Ågren  I. Hansson  E. Olsson Engvall 《Zoonoses and public health》2017,64(1):14-20

In May 2012, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis occurred in southern Sweden at a wedding reception affecting 44 persons. A total of 17 cases were notified (13 were culture positive for Campylobacter spp.). Epidemiological investigation suspected chicken liver pâté as the source of infection. The liver pâté had been deliberately undercooked, lightly fried to keep the right texture and mixed with spices. Campylobacter isolates from six cases as well as three Campylobacter isolates from chicken flocks previously raised by the producer delivering the liver were subtyped using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and whole‐genome sequencing. Indistinguishable PFGE profiles were identified among five human and one chicken C. jejuni isolates as well among the two C. coli isolates, one from a human case and one from a chicken. WGS supported the PFGE findings; the six C. jejuni isolates belonged to one cluster. All these six isolates were of MLST type ST 50 (ST‐CC 21). This study highlights the importance of a combination of strict biosecurity at the flock‐level as well as adequate cooking of chicken liver to prevent transmission of Campylobacter to humans.  相似文献   

Evaporation from a Clay Soil Covered with a Surface Mulch - Three Lysimeter Studies     

Åsa Wolgast Broberg 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(4):121-126

Cultivation systems with mulching have been successfully tested in spring cereals for several years in Sweden. The water conserving effect of the mulch was considered to be important in these field experiments. Three experiments with lysimeters were conducted in this study to investigate the effect on evaporation of a) different amounts of mulch, b) different types of mulch and c) different frequencies of rain in combination with mulching. The lysimeters contained undisturbed soil cores from a heavy clay soil. The protection against evaporation was largest at the beginning of soil drying. It increased with increasing amounts of mulch, but there were no differences in protection between the various kinds of mulch tested. Accumulated evaporation was 12, 14 and 30% lower in the mulched compared to bare soil after 28 days with no rain, infrequent rain and frequent rain respectively. The implications for designing a cultivation system with mulching are discussed as well as its potential in different weathers.  相似文献   

Does insecticide application in a winter oilseed rape field influence the abundance of pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus in nearby ornamental flowers and vegetables?     

Nur Ahmed  Jan‐Eric Englund  Eva Johansson  Inger Åhman 《Pest management science》2013,69(11):1253-1260

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Application of aggregate genotype in beef cattle breeding     

B. A. Åby  E. Sehested  M. Holtsmark  L. Aass  O. Vangen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2014,64(1):13-22

Abstract

When developing total merit indices (TMI's), estimated breeding values (EBV's) may be lacking for several traits. Methodology exists to address these challenges, calculating index weights using economic values and genetic (co)variances between traits included in the TMI and aggregate genotype. TMI's including production and functional traits were developed for beef breeds in the Norwegian breeding scheme, and potential for genetic gain was evaluated. Selection based on the TMI developed in this study was found to improve growth and carcass quality, while genetic deterioration was expected for calving difficulty. Alternative selection indices were applied to avoid these effects, but reduced the genetic gain for production traits. The results of our study show that is possible to achieve genetic gain in most economically important traits for beef cattle by using a TMI. When additional EBV's and genetic correlations become available, these should be included into the TMI for further improvement.  相似文献   

Cutaneous carriage of Malassezia species in healthy and seborrhoeic Sphynx cats and a comparison to carriage in Devon Rex cats     

Susanne E. Åhman  Karin E. Bergström 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2009,11(12):970-976

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Rate of gastric evacuation in brown trout (Salmo trutta l.) in acidified and non-acidified water     

Å. Åtland  B. T. Barlaup 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,60(1-2):197-204

Gastric evacuation rate in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) was studied in water qualities characteristic of non-acidified and acidified waters. The level of plasma chloride was reduced and hematocrit increased in the group exposed to acid water. The gastric evacuation rate was described by an exponential function. Instantaneous rates of gastric evacuation were not significantly different between the two groups. In both of the groups the rates were lower than observed in corresponding studies of brown trout. This was most likely caused by handling stress during the experiment.  相似文献   

Stocking of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) cohorts after liming- effects on survival and growth during five years of reacidification     

B. T. Barlaup  Å. Åtland  E. Kleiven 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,72(1-4):317-330

The chronically acid Hovvatn and the adjoining pond Pollen were limed in March 1981. During the first 4 yr after the liming, a total of 11 437 brown trout were stocked in the two locations. The fish population was monitored by annual testfishing in a five yr period following the liming. The stocking material constituted 6 cohorts and included fish stocked at age 0+, 1+ and 2+. The stocking program assured a 7.9 times higher density of fish ha^?1 in Pollen than in Hovvatn. Consequently, the fish from Hovvatn grew significantly better and had a significantly higher condition factor than fish in Pollen. Monitoring of water chemistry showed that the cohorts were exposed to a gradual reacidification process, abrupted by episodic events of severe acidification. Within 2–3 yr after the liming, the locations had reacidified to conditions which were considered critical for fish. However, the acidinduced increase in mortality appeared 1–2 yr later than what was expected from water chemistry data. This discrepancy could most likely be ascribed to the existence of water chemical refugia which enhanced the survival of the fish. Recaptures were significantly correlated to pH, Ca, labile-Al and ANC. Growth were significantly reduced throughout the reacidification period. Estimated yield showed that fish stocked at age 2+, as opposed to fish stocked at a younger age, managed to turn the high food availability into high growthrates before the reacidification retarded growth and survival.  相似文献