Low-cost experimental unit and growth medium for testing soil effects on shrimp culture     

Gad Ritvo  Joe B Dixon  Tzachi M Samocha  Addison L Lawrence  William H Neill 《Aquacultural Engineering》1998,18(4):245-249

PVC pipes, 10 cm in diameter and 46 cm long, sealed at one end and filled with 18 ppt of artificial seawater and a 6-cm layer of substrate, were tested as experimental units for the culturing of penaeid shrimp. The growth substrate was prepared by mixing 70% quartz sand, 24% Georgia kaolin, 5% Gonzales bentonite and 1% Bermuda grass hay. One juvenile Penaeus vannamei was placed in each container and shrimp weight gain was monitored. In the first study (four replicates), shrimp grew to 8.15 g within 8 weeks at a rate of ≈1 g week⁻¹ with no mortality; thereafter, growth decreased and 25% mortality was observed. In the second study (seven replicates), the average weight of shrimp was 8.66 g in 10 weeks, with 29% mortality occurring between the seventh and eighth week. Experimental unit cost was $3.30.  相似文献   

Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in response to culture temperature and food deprivation     

Martin Perez-Velazquez  Mayra L. González-Félix  Addison L. Lawrence  Delbert M. Gatlin III 《Aquaculture Research》2003,34(13):1205-1213

The effects of culture temperature and food deprivation on lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were investigated. Shrimp were maintained in recirculating seawater systems at temperatures of 26 and 32°C and fed 75% dry commercial feed and 25% fresh‐frozen squid for 42 days. Additionally, groups of fed and non‐fed shrimp were maintained at 26°C for 17 days. In shrimp fed at either 26 or 32°C, polar lipids were the main constituents of total identified lipid classes in muscle tissue (66–71%), while neutral lipids were more abundant in hepatopancreas (82–88%). Higher levels of triglycerides were observed in lipids of shrimp hepatopancreas kept at 32°C, but no other lipid class was affected by temperature. A significantly higher proportion of 22:6n‐3 was consistent in muscle and hepatopancreas polar and neutral lipids of shrimp maintained at 26°C. In response to food deprivation, the amount of polar lipids, but not neutral lipids, was reduced by approximately 28% in muscle tissue, whereas all lipid reserves were almost depleted in the hepatopancreas. The variable consumption of some individual fatty acids was observed in polar and neutral lipids of both tissues.  相似文献   

Mineral Requirements of Penaeus vannamei: A Preliminary Examination of the Dietary Essentiality for Thirteen Minerals   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Allen  Davis Addison L.  Lawrence Delbert M.  Gatlin III 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1992,23(1):8-14

Diets containing a complete mineral premix or mineral premixes from which Ca, P, Na, CI, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se, or Cr were individually deleted were fed to juvenile Penaeus vunnamei (mean initial weight 79.5 mg) over a 4-week experimental period. Final mean percent weight gain ranged from 1,472 (Cu-free mineral premix) to 1,991% (Na-free mineral premix) with an average of 1,812% for all treatments. Survival during the first two week period and the second two week period was greater than 92% and 88%, respectively. There were no significant differences observed among treatments for growth and survival data.
Upon termination of the growth trial, the hepatopancreas and carapace were dissected from the shrimp and evaluated for ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu content. Of the minerals analyzed, the individual deletion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu from the mineral supplement resulted in reduced tissue mineralization in P. vannamei whereas, the deletion of Ca and P from the mineral mix did not produce significant responses. Deletion of Se from the mineral premix resulted in a significant increase in the ash content of the carapace. Based on the information provided by this and other studies, further investigation of the dietary requirements of P. vannamei for Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Se is recommended.  相似文献   

Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Dietary cholesterol and de-oiled soy lecithin requirements and their interaction     

Hui Gong  Addison L. Lawrence  Dong-Huo Jiang  Frank L. Castille  Delbert M. GatlinIII 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2000,190(3-4):305-324

Two 6-week experiments were conducted in recirculating systems to determine dietary requirements of Litopenaeus vannamei for phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol, and their potential interaction. A 3×4 factorial design consisting of three cholesterol levels (0%, 0.2%, and 0.5% of diet) and four PL levels (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% of diet) provided by de-oiled soybean lecithin (SL) was applied. Overall survival was 97.7% with no significant difference among dietary treatments. There was a highly significant interaction between PL and cholesterol on shrimp growth (P=0.0001). Dietary cholesterol at 0.2% or 0.5% gave similar shrimp growth at any given level of PL.

In a second factorial experiment, the same four levels of PL were evaluated in conjunction with smaller intervals between dietary cholesterol levels, 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, in an attempt to define dietary requirements and interaction better. Overall survival was 99.7%. A highly significant interaction between dietary PL and cholesterol on growth of shrimp was detected again (P=0.0001). The cholesterol requirement was estimated to be 0.35% of diet in the absence of supplemental PL. At 1.5% and 3% PL, dietary cholesterol requirements were reduced to 0.14% and 0.13% of diet, respectively. When PL were provided at 5% of diet, 0.05% dietary cholesterol was needed for optimal growth. Shrimp growth was significantly enhanced as level of PL increased, but as the level of dietary cholesterol level increased, the growth-promoting effect of PL was diminished. Lipid composition of hepatopancreas (mid-gut gland) and muscle tissue of shrimp fed the different diets was also analyzed. Diets supplemented with PL resulted in higher total lipid in hepatopancreas and lower total lipid in muscle of shrimp than those of shrimp fed diets without supplemental PL. Interaction between dietary PL and cholesterol also affected total lipid and triglycerides (TG) in the hepatopancreas, as well as cholesterol concentration in the muscle.  相似文献   

Evaluation of In Vitro Apparent Protein Digestibility by Shrimp Using Gut Enzyme Extracts     

Joe M Fox  Addison L Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(3):325-336

Knowledge of apparent protein digestibility (APD) is required for optimization of feed formulae for the production of marine penaeid shrimp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an in vitro method for determining APD in marine penaeid shrimp using gut enzyme extracts. A high correlation (r² = 0.95) was shown between single‐ingredient APD values for fish meal diets using in vivo methodology and those derived from in vitro testing of ingredients. A second study showed positive correlation (r² = 0.71) between in vitro APD of selected purified and semipurified ingredients and their reported in vivo APDs. This correlation was much higher for purified ingredients (r² = 0.93) versus less‐refined ingredients (r² = 0.24). A third trial compared in vitro APD at three different enzyme extract pH values and showed that for most protein sources, APD was significantly highest (P < 0.05) at pH = 7.0 and lower at pH = 6.1 or 7.9, indicating a neutral pH optimum for this methodology.  相似文献   

Use of the Nematode Panagrellus redivivus as an Artemia Replacement in a Larval Penaeid Diet     

James M.  Biedenbach  Linda L.  Smith  Tamara K.  Thomsen Addison L.  Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1989,20(2):61-71

Penueus vannumei larvae (P₂ through M₃) and early postlarvae (<24 h old postlarva) were fed diets consisting of algae-only, nematodes ( Panugrellus redivivus ) plus algae or Artemia plus algae. Growth (dry biomass gain) of second and third stage protozoea larvae fed the nematodealgae diet was significantly better than that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. From the first mysis through the postlarval substage (<24 h old), growth of shrimp fed the nematodealgae diet equalled that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. All larval substages fed nematodes plus algae accumulated significantly greater biomass than those fed a diet of only algae. Survival and percent metamorphosis of larvae fed nematodes plus algae did not differ significantly from that of larvae fed either Artemia plus algae or algae alone. A nematodealgae feeding regime, which potentially yields growth, survival and metamorphosis equal to that obtained on the standard Artemia plus algae regime, is proposed for P. vannamei .  相似文献   

BUDGET ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP MATURATION FACILITY     

Michael Johns  Wade Griffin  Addison Lawrence  David Hutchins 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1981,12(1):104-109

Shrimp maturation and reproduction has long been one of the hurdles that must be surmounted to make shrimp farming commercially feasible. Nauplii are now successfully being produced and the commercial feasibility of their production is investigated in this study. The generalized budget simulation model for aquacultural facilities recently developed at Texas A&M University was used for the analysis. An annual budget was estimated to determine costs, returns and profit. Annual cash flow was generated for a 10-year planning horizon. Opportunity cost, initial investment, costs and break-even quantities and prices were also determined.  相似文献   

Evaluation of Methods for Determining In Vivo Digestion Coefficients for Adult Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii     

Paul B.  Brown  Christopher D.  Williams  Edwin H.  Robinson  Dean M.  Akiyama Addison L.  Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1986,17(1-4):19-24

Adult red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs isosubstituted in experimental diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) coefficients were determined by the total collection and indicator (chromic oxide) methods. Feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal, soybean meal, alpha-soy protein, casein, gelatin, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat gluten, shrimp meal, crab chitin, cellulose, squid meal, corn starch and diatomaceous sand. Rate of consumption of plant feedstuffs was generally higher than feedstuffs of animal origin. Consumption of fish meal and shrimp meal was low (0.59 and 0.44% body weightlday, respectively). Fecal chromium concentrations were lower than chromium concentrations of experimental diets and precluded calculation of realistic coefficients by the indicator method. Analysis of refused feed samples indicated that crayfish did not consume the indicator in the same proportion as the remainder of the diet; therefore, the total collection method was judged the better approach to determining digestion coefficients. ADMD and ACPD coefficients of plant feedstuffs were generally higher than coefficients determined for animal feedstuffs. ADMD coefficients indicated substantial carbohydrate digestion by crayfish.  相似文献   

Effect of Feed Protein and Carbohydrate Levels on Feed Intake,Growth, and Gonad Production of the Sea Urchin,Lytechinus variegatus     

Hugh S. Hammer  Mickie L. Powell  Warren T. Jones  Victoria K. Gibbs  Addison L. Lawrence  John M. Lawrence  Stephen A. Watts 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2012,43(2):145-158

In this study, we evaluated protein and carbohydrate levels in cold‐extruded dry diets. Sea urchins (12.6 ± 0.12 SE g wet weight, 29.5 ± 0.11 SE mm diameter) were collected from St. Joseph Bay, Florida (30°N, 85.5°W), and transported to the Texas Agrilife Research Mariculture Laboratory in Port Aransas, Texas. Urchins were held individually in replicated enclosures within a recirculating seawater system (32 ± 2 ppt and 22 ± 2 C). Urchins (n = 16urchins) were fed diets that differed in protein : carbohydrate levels (31:33%, 25:39%, 21:44%, and 17:47% dry weight) for 12‐wk. Survival was 100% in all diet treatments. Urchins fed the 31:33% protein : carbohydrate diet consumed less feed, more dry protein, less dry carbohydrate, less energy, and had lower feed conversion ratios than urchins fed other diets. Urchins fed the 31:33% protein : carbohydrate diet had larger test diameters, total wet weights, production efficiencies, and gonad production efficiencies than urchins in the other diets. Weight gain varied directly and significantly with protein intake. Sufficient energy was available for maximum weight gain as protein was spared. Growth rates and production efficiencies for the urchins in this study were higher than in previous feeding studies with adult Lytechinus variegatus.  相似文献   

Fertilization and Development of Eggs of the Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus Maintained on an Extruded Feed     

Sophie B.  George John M.  Lawrence Addison L.  Lawrence John  Ford 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2000,31(2):232-238

Sea urchin eggs are used extensively as models for studies in developmental and molecular biology. Developing aquaculture techniques and facilities for sea urchins would facilitate their use for this purpose and for production of young sea urchins for stock enhancement. A basic requirement for the aqua-culture of sea urchins is the availability of a feed that predictably produces eggs of a consistent, high quality. We tested an extruded feed with Lyrechinus variegatus for this purpose. Lytechinus variegatus (mean horizontal diameter 55 mm, 75 g wet weight) were collected in April 1998. Nine individuals were maintained in each of four aquaria with closed, recirculating filtered sea water. They were fed approximately 1 g extruded feedindividual per week. All feed was consumed. The mean weight of the sea urchins changed little with this feeding regime. The sea urchins spawned spontaneously on a monthly basis during water changes. Four females in February and one in March were spawned by injection with potassium chloride. Fertilization was 99–100% successful in each case. Egg diameters from these spawnings and a spontaneous spawning in April ranged from 102 × 6 to 128 × 1 μm. Gastrulation occurred in <20 h and metamorphosis after 22 to 37 d. Newly metamorphosed juveniles ranged in size from 435 × 38 to 473 × 56 μm. Egg size, larval size, the chronology of embryonic and larval development, and size of newly metamorphosed juveniles are similar to those obtained from field individuals reported in the literature. These results indicate that a predictable production of high quality eggs by sea urchins under controlled conditions in the laboratory with a prepared feed is feasible.  相似文献