Inheritance of type IV glandular trichome density and its association with whitefly resistance from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum galapagense</Emphasis> accession LA1401     

Marcela Carvalho Andrade  Alex Antônio da Silva  Irã Pinheiro Neiva  Izabela Regina C. Oliveira  Evaristo Mauro De Castro  David Merrill Francis  Wilson Roberto Maluf 《Euphytica》2017,213(2):52

Tomato is affected by a large number of arthropod pests, among which the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is considered to be one of the most destructive. Several accessions of the wild species of Solanum galapagense, including accession LA1401, are considered resistant to whitefly (B. tabaci). This resistance has been associated with the presence of type IV glandular trichomes on the leaf surface. Our research aimed to study the inheritance of type IV glandular trichome density and its association with resistance to whitefly (B. tabaci biotype B) in populations derived from the interspecific cross Solanum lycopersicum × S. galapagense ‘LA1401.’ High estimates for both broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabilities of type IV glandular trichome densities suggest that inheritance of this trait is not complex. Whitefly resistance was associated with high density of type IV glandular trichomes. F₂ (S. galapagense × S. lycopersicum) population plants selected for the highest densities of type IV glandular trichomes showed similar levels of resistance to those found in the donor of resistance LA1401.  相似文献   

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vanilla bicolor</Emphasis> Lindl. (Orchidaceae) from the Peruvian Amazon: auto-fertilization in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vanilla</Emphasis> and notes on floral phenology     

Alex R. Van Dam  J. Ethan Householder  Pesach Lubinsky 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(4):473-480

Minimal documentation exists for natural pollination in wild Vanilla spp., despite the economic importance of this genus, additionally commercial vanilla (V. planifolia Jacks.) is one of very few crops whose production depends entirely on artificial pollination. Flowering and fruiting phenology of Vanilla bicolor Lindl., a close relative of V. planifolia, was documented in a palm swamp in the Peruvian Amazon. V. bicolor was found to auto-fertilize via bagging experiments. This ecotype had an average fruit set per raceme of 42.50 ± 2.5%. Pollen removal experiments suggest that stigmatic leak may be the mechanism by which auto-pollination occurs in V. bicolor.  相似文献   

The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes     

Floudas D  Binder M  Riley R  Barry K  Blanchette RA  Henrissat B  Martínez AT  Otillar R  Spatafora JW  Yadav JS  Aerts A  Benoit I  Boyd A  Carlson A  Copeland A  Coutinho PM  de Vries RP  Ferreira P  Findley K  Foster B  Gaskell J  Glotzer D  Górecki P  Heitman J  Hesse C  Hori C  Igarashi K  Jurgens JA  Kallen N  Kersten P  Kohler A  Kües U  Kumar TK  Kuo A  LaButti K  Larrondo LF  Lindquist E  Ling A  Lombard V  Lucas S  Lundell T  Martin R  McLaughlin DJ  Morgenstern I  Morin E  Murat C  Nagy LG  Nolan M  Ohm RA  Patyshakuliyeva A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1715-1719

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.  相似文献   

Are all meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) equal in all hosts? Epidemiological and genetic comparison between animal and human MRSA     

AJ McCarthy  JA Lindsay  A Loeffler 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(4):267-75, e53-4

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to pose a major threat to human health. In animals, MRSA has become established as a veterinary pathogen in pets and horses; in livestock, it presents a concern for public health as a reservoir that can infect humans and as a source of transferrable resistance genes. Genetic analyses have revealed that the epidemiology of MRSA is different in different animal hosts. While human hospital-associated MRSA lineages are most commonly involved in pet infection and carriage, horse-specific MRSA most often represent 'traditional' equine S. aureus lineages. A recent development in the epidemiology of animal MRSA is the emergence of pig-adapted strains, such as CC398 and CC9, which appear to have arisen independently in the pig population. Recent insight into the genome structure and the evolution of S. aureus has helped to explain key aspects of these three distinct epidemiological scenarios. This nonsystematic literature review summarizes the structure and variations of the S. aureus genome and gives an overview of the current distribution of MRSA lineages in various animal species. It also discusses present knowledge about the emergence and evolution of MRSA in animals, adaptation to different host species and response to selective pressure from animal-specific environments. An improved understanding of the genetics and selective pressure that underpin the adaptive behaviour of S. aureus may be used in the future to predict new developments in staphylococcal diseases and to investigate novel control strategies required at a time of increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents.  相似文献   

Identification of potentially virulent strains of Haemophilus parasuis using a multiplex PCR for virulence-associated autotransporters (vtaA)     

Olvera A  Pina S  Macedo N  Oliveira S  Aragon V  Bensaid A 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,191(2):213-218

Haemophilus parasuis is the aetiological agent of Glässer’s disease and is also a commensal of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Trimeric autotransporter (vtaA) genes have been identified in H. parasuis and divided into three groups on the basis of the translocator domain sequence. In this study, group 3 vtaA genes were demonstrated by PCR in all 157 H. parasuis isolates tested. Group 1 vtaA genes were associated with virulent strains; 52/54 (96%) group 1 vtaA negative field isolates were isolated from the nasal passages of healthy animals, whereas no group 1 vtaA negative field isolates were isolated from cases of Glässer’s disease. There was an association between absence of group 1 vtaA, sensitivity to phagocytosis and serum and classification of isolates into nasal cluster C by multilocus sequence typing. A multiplex PCR was developed for diagnosis of H. parasuis at the species level (group 3 vtaA positive) and to differentiate putative non-virulent strains (group 1 vtaA negative). When applied to field samples, the PCR confirmed a high prevalence of H. parasuis in conventionally farmed pigs and demonstrated that almost half of the animals carried potentially virulent strains.  相似文献   

Analyses of Dutch Haemophilus parasuis isolates by serotyping, genotyping by ERIC-PCR and Hsp60 sequences and the presence of the virulence associated trimeric autotransporters marker     

Dijkman R  Wellenberg GJ  van der Heijden HM  Peerboom R  Olvera A  Rothkamp A  Peperkamp K  van Esch EJ 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(2):589-595

In this study, 117 isolates of Haemophilus parasuis from organs and tissues from pigs showing clinical signs, were characterised and compared with 10 H. parasuis reference strains. The isolates were subjected to the 16S rRNA gene PCR and subsequently serotyped, genotyped by 60-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60) gene sequences, the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and a multiplex PCR for the detection of the vtaA virulence associated trimeric autotransporter genes. Serotyping revealed the presence of 13 H. parasuis serovars. Serovars 3 and 10 were not detected, and 16 of the 117 H. parasuis isolates could not be typed by specific antisera. All isolates were positive in the 16S rRNA gene specific H. parasuis PCR. ERIC-PCR revealed a very heterogeneous pattern with 61 clusters; based on a 90% agreement. In total, 46 different Hsp60 sequence types were detected. Using 98% sequence similarity, as threshold for separation, 22 separate Hsp60 sequence clusters were distinguished. There was no correlation between H. parasuis serovars and ERIC-PCR clusters or Hsp60 sequence types, but both the ERIC-PCR and the Hsp60 sequence typing are suited as markers for H. parasuis molecular-epidemiology studies. In total, 102 H. parasuis swine isolates corresponded to the virulence associated group 1 vtaA type. The group 1 vtaA was detected in 12 different serovars. Only four of the 46 Hsp60 sequence types were not associated with the group 1 vtaA. This study shows that Dutch H. parasuis isolates from pigs with clinical signs have both a high serovar and genotypic lineage diversity. A majority of the known serovars contain the group 1 vtaA.  相似文献   

Prolactin-releasing peptide is a potent mediator of the innate immune response in leukocytes from Salmo salar     

Romero A  Manríquez R  Alvarez C  Gajardo C  Vásquez J  Kausel G  Monrás M  Olavarría VH  Yáñez A  Enríquez R  Figueroa J 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,147(3-4):170-179

  相似文献   

Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds     

Anthenill LA  Stover SM  Gardner IA  Hill AE  Lee CM  Anderson ML  Barr BC  Read DH  Johnson BJ  Woods LW  Daft BM  Kinde H  Moore JD  Farman CA  Odani JS  Pesavento PA  Uzal FA  Case JT  Ardans AA 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(5):858-868

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images. SAMPLE POPULATION: Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of chi2 and logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.  相似文献   

Fatal poxvirus outbreak in a colony of New World monkeys     

Mätz-Rensing K  Ellerbrok H  Ehlers B  Pauli G  Floto A  Alex M  Czerny CP  Kaup FJ 《Veterinary pathology》2006,43(2):212-218

An epizootic infection was observed in a colony of 80 New World monkeys consisting of various species including a group of marmosets and Saguinus species. During the summer and autumn of 2002, 30 animals died of unknown diseases. Six animals were sent to the German Primate Center for investigation of the cause of death. A complete pathologic and histologic investigation was carried out. The animals exhibited erosive-ulcerative lesions of the oral mucous membranes. Advanced stages of the disease were characterised by hemorrhagic lesions on the skin distributed randomly over the body, but principally on the face, scrotal region, soles, and palms. Electron microscopy revealed virus particles with orthopox-like morphology within intracytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells. The DNA samples from various tissues were analyzed by use of a set of orthopox virus-specific, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Amplification products were sequenced to define the virus more precisely. Sequencing confirmed the presence of an orthopox virus. Sequence data indicated that all six animals were infected with the same virus. Propagation of the virus on Vero cells resulted in a rapidly progressive cytopathogenic effect. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of two genes revealed closest homology to cowpox viruses. The origin of this poxvirus outbreak remains unexplained, and the strain and genus of the virus need to be determined in detail.  相似文献   

Effects of travoprost 0.004% compared with latanoprost 0.005% on the intraocular pressure of normal dogs     

Carvalho AB  Laus JL  Costa VP  Barros PS  Silveira PR 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2006,9(2):121-125

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of travoprost 0.004% and latanoprost 0.005% on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of normal dogs. METHODS: Twenty mixed breed dogs were randomized to two groups: latanoprost was used in group A and travoprost in group B. The drugs were instilled in the right eye of the dogs, whereas the left eye received placebo. Both drugs were instilled once a day at 8 am during 5 days. IOP measurements were made at 8 am, 10 am, 2 pm and 8 pm during the 5 days of treatment, the 3 days that preceded treatment, and 3 days following treatment. Presence of blepharospasm, miosis, anterior chamber flare, and conjunctival hyperemia were evaluated during the study. RESULTS: Mean IOP was significantly reduced in the eyes treated with both latanoprost and travoprost, when compared with the eyes treated with placebo (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOPs of eyes treated with latanoprost and travoprost at all time intervals during baseline, treatment, and recovery (P>0.05). On the fifth day of treatment and on the first day of the recovery period, a severe ocular hypotension was noted with both drugs, resulting in imprecise readings with the tonometer. Miosis and conjunctival hyperemia were observed in the treated eyes of both groups, whereas flare was noticed in one latanoprost-treated eye. CONCLUSION: Travoprost 0.004% significantly reduces the IOP in normal dogs. The hypotensive effect obtained with travoprost 0.004% is comparable to that obtained with latanoprost 0.005%.  相似文献