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31.
Amy K. McLean Camie R. Heleski Melvin T. Yokoyama Wei Wang Amadou Doumbia Boubacar Dembele 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(3):123-134
Working conditions for cart donkeys in West Africa are often harsh. In collaboration with the Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad, we conducted 3 studies and a welfare assessment. In the first study, we compared behavioral and physiological measures of donkeys (n = 10) driven in 2 standard Malian ways (1 = halter and reins, 2 = no halter and with a stick). In a second study, we assessed pressure associated with harness and cart quality. Pressure was measured according to several different parameters, including type of harness (satisfactory or unsatisfactory), type of cart (satisfactory or unsatisfactory), and weight (no weight or 200 kg of weight). Because education likely plays an important role in enhancing working equid welfare, we conducted a third study aimed at educating paraprofessionals about donkey husbandry (n = 82). We also conducted a welfare assessment on a donkey population in Segou, Mali (n = 54). Among training methods, no significant difference was found in either heart rate variability or behavior. A significant difference in back/wither pressure (P < 0.05) was found for the following parameters: harness type (P = 0.02) and cart with weight (P = 0.009). The welfare assessment examined how body condition scores, age, number of lesions, scarring, lameness, behavior parameters, and dehydration were related. The results indicated a significant effect between body condition score and hydration, that is, donkeys with lower body conditions were often less hydrated (P = 0.01). The relationship of body condition was significant when comparing the behavioral response with the ear test (P = 0.03). Finally, educational workshops were conducted at 2 schools, one in Segou (n = 54 students) and one in Bamako (n = 28 students), to measure donkey management knowledge before and after a husbandry education seminar and practical demonstration were conducted. The average test scores for pre- and post-tests numerically increased at both schools. However, the increase in test scores was not significant (Segou P = 0.15 and Bamako P = 0.06). This study provides additional methods to professionals and paraprofessionals on alternative methods for training, harnessing, and working donkeys in developing parts of the world. 相似文献
32.
Burcu Çengel Yasemin Tayanç Gaye Kandemir Ercan Velioglu Murat Alan Zeki Kaya 《New Forests》2012,43(3):303-317
To test how efficiently plantations and seed orchards captured genetic diversity from natural Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subspecies pallasiana Holmboe) seed stands, seed sources were chosen from 3 different categories (seed stands (SS), seed orchards (SO) and plantations
(P)) comprising 4 different breeding zones of the species in Turkey. Twenty-five trees (mother trees) were selected from each
SS, SO and P seed sources and were screened with 11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Estimated genetic diversity
parameters were found to be generally high in all Anatolian black pine seed sources and the majority of genetic diversity
is contained within seed sources (94%). No significant difference in genetic diversity parameters (numbers of effective alleles,
% of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity) among seed source categories was found, except for a slight increase in observed
heterozygosities in seed orchards. For all seed source categories, observed heterozygosity values were higher (Ho = 0.49 for SS, 0.55 for SO and 0.49 for P) than expected ones (He = 0.40 for SS, 0.39 for SO and 0.38 for P) indicating the excess of heterozygotes. In general, genetic diversity in seed
stands has been transferred successfully into seed orchards and plantations. However, the use of seeds from seed orchards
can increase the amount of genetic diversity in plantations further. The study also demonstrated that number of plus-tree
clones (25–38) used in the establishment of seed orchards was adequate to capture the high level of diversity from natural
stands. 相似文献
33.
Sharon Duggan Emily Jordan Montserrat Gutierrez Gaye Barrett Tony O’Brien Darren Hand Kevin Kenny June Fanning Nola Leonard John Egan 《Irish veterinary journal》2012,65(1):17
Abstract
Food Business Operators (FBO) are responsible for the safety of the food they produce and in Ireland those under the regulatory control of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine are required to provide summary data on microbiological tests undertaken as part of their food safety controls. These data are provided to the National Reference Laboratory through the 25 private laboratories undertaking the testing.Results
Over the five-year period Salmonella sp. was isolated from 0.7% of the 254,000 raw meat or raw meat products tested with the annual prevalence ranging from 0.5 to 1.1%. Poultry meats were consistently more contaminated than other meats with higher recovery rates in turkey (3.3%), duck (3.3%), and chicken (2.5%) compared with meats of porcine (1.6%), ovine (0.2%) and bovine origin (0.1%). Salmonella sp. was also isolated from 58 (0.06%) of the 96,115 cooked or partially cooked meat and meat products tested during the reporting period with the annual percentage positive samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.16%. A total of 50 different serotypes were recovered from raw meats over this period with the greatest diversity found in poultry samples (n = 36). Four serotypes, Kentucky, Typhimurium, Agona and Derby accounted for over 70% of all isolates detected on FBO testing over the period 2005 to 2009.Conclusions
Capturing microbiological data generated by Food Business Operators allows the regulatory sector access to a substantial amount of valuable data with the minimum financial outlay. 相似文献34.
Biomechanical Comparison of Locking Compression Plate and Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate Combined with an Intramedullary Rod in a Canine Femoral Fracture‐Gap Model 
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
36.
Amadou Touré Jonne Rodenburg Pascal Marnotte Ibnou Dieng Joël Huat 《Weed Biology and Management》2014,14(2):121-132
While weeds generally are considered as the most important overarching production constraints in inland‐valley cropping systems in West Africa, little is known about species' associations with environmental and crop management factors. Weed species' associations with seasonal and environmental factors, such as their position on the catena, soils and cropping systems, were studied during two seasons (dry and wet) in 45 arable fields of three inland valleys in south‐western Benin, Africa. The three most dominant weed species were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Digitaria horizontalis on the inland‐valley crests (uplands), Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Corchorus aestuans and Ludwigia octovalvis on the sloping hydromorphic fringes and Leersia hexandra, Ipomoea aquatica and Fimbristylis ferruginea in the valley bottoms (lowlands). Echinochloa colona, Cleome viscosa and Talinum triangulare were the three most dominant species in the dry‐season crops (maize or vegetables) and Leer. hexandra, I. aquatica and Sphenoclea zeylanica were the three most dominant species in the wet‐season crop (rice). Ageratum conyzoides, Synedrella nodiflora and D. horizontalis were observed throughout the catena. Problem weeds in inland‐valley agro‐ecosystems are those that combine a high frequency with a high submergence tolerance and ecological plasticity, C4 grasses, perennial C3 species with persistent root structures and broad‐leaved species with high propagation rates. Weed management strategies that are aimed at increasing the resilience of rice‐based cropping systems in the inland valleys of the southern Guinea Savanna of Africa should address the categories of problem species that were identified in this study. This can be done best by following an integrated approach, including the use of more weed‐competitive cultivars and rotation crops. 相似文献
37.
Zenith Gaye Almeda Orozco Joemel Gentelizo Sumbing Ma. Junemie Hazel Lebata‐Ramos Satoshi Watanabe 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(7):1153-1163
The ability of Holothuria scabra to digest nutrients, such as organic matter (OM), protein and carbohydrate from animal and plant feed ingredients was investigated. Four test feeds prepared by mixing sand with single ingredients from animal sources (shrimp and mussel) and plant sources (diatom and seaweed) were fed to H. scabra to estimate apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). The total assimilated nutrient (TAN) increased with ADC, whereas ingestion rate (IR) varied slightly among the feeds suggesting that ADC might be a good indicator of nutrient availability to H. scabra. The ADCOM of shrimp and mussel was significantly higher than that diatom and seaweed: 86.2%, 77.1%, 55.1% and 32.3% respectively. ADCprotein was similar for shrimp (88.7%), mussel (84.8%) and diatom (75.2%), but significantly lower in seaweed (34.4%). ADCcarbohydrate was similar in mussel (58.5%) and diatom (58.3%) as well as in seaweed (31.6) and shrimp (28.0%). ADCprotein was relatively higher than ADCcarbohydrate suggesting that H. scabra generally digests more protein than carbohydrate. Furthermore, results indicated that nutrients from animal‐based feeds are more efficiently digested by H. scabra; thus, animal ingredients rich in easily digestible protein could potentially provide an efficiently balanced diet for H. scabra fed with diatom containing high easily digestible carbohydrate. 相似文献
38.
Amadou?Sarr Boubacar?Diop Regis?Peltier Marc?Neyra Didier?LesueurEmail author 《New Forests》2005,29(1):75-87
The purpose of this work was to determine the most efficient methods of inoculation to significantly improve nodulation and growth of Acacia senegal and Acacia nilotica, grown under greenhouse conditions. Our results showed that inoculation using dissolved alginate beads containing rhizobia significantly improved the growth of both acacia species better than the growth of plants in other treatments. The experiment with A. nilotica was conducted in two unsterilised soils from different areas. Plants grown in soil from Bel Air were well-nodulated and showed better growth than plants grown in soil from Sangalkam. However, no difference between these soils was shown between the several methods of inoculation and their effect on the nodulation and growth of plants. An interaction between A. senegal and A. nilotica provenances and the effect of inoculation with rhizobia was also demonstrated. Bel Air provenance of A. senegal, Dahra and RIM provenances of A. nilotica grew best of several provenances tested. These results suggest that (1) it may be possible to improve growth and yield of A. senegal and A. nilotica by careful selection of each symbiotic partner; and (2) nursery-grown seedlings of A. senegal and A. nilotica should be inoculated, just after sowing, with dissolved alginate beads containing a mixture of selected rhizobia.
Résumé.
Lobject de notre travail était de déterminer la méthodologie dinoculation la plus efficace pour améliorer significativement la nodulation et la croissance dAcacia senegal et dAcacia nilotica poussant dans des conditions de serre. Nos résultats ont montré que linoculation utilisant des billes dalginate dissoutes améliorait significativement la croissance des deux espèces dAcacia par rapport à celle des plantes des autres traitements. Lexpérience avec A. nilotica a été faite dans deux types de sol non stériles. Nous avons observé que les plants poussant dans le sol de Bel Air étaient plus nodulés et mieux développés que ceux poussant dans le sol de Sangalkam. Cependant, aucune différence significative entre les deux sols na été mise en évidence en termes deffet des différentes méthodologies dinoculation sur la nodulation et la croissance des plantes. Il a aussi été démontré lexistence dune interaction entre les provenances dA. senegal et dA. nilotica et leffet de linoculation avec rhizobium. Cest ainsi que les provenances Bel Air dA. senegal, Dahra et RIM dA. nilotica ont le mieux poussé parmi les différentes provenances testées. Lensemble de ces résultats suggèrent: (1) il devrait être possible daméliorer la croissance et la production dA. senegal et dA. nilotica par une sélection des deux partenaires symbiotiques; (2) Les jeunes plantules dA. senegal et dA. nilotica produites en pépinière devraient être inoculées juste après le semis avec des billes dalginate dissoutes contenant un cocktail de souches sélectionnées. 相似文献
39.
Mitragyna inermis is used in the Senegal traditional medicine for treating stomach and intestinal disorders. At concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/ml, the aqueous extract of M. inermis bark (AEMIB) significantly induced a decrease of the ileal basal tonus, respectively, from 37+/-1, 51+/-1 and 75+/-2% (P<0.05; n=5), compared to the baseline values. As well as atropine, AEMIB inhibited submaximal contractions induced by 0.01 mg/ml ACh with IC(50) value of approximately 0.75 mg/ml (n=5). These results show that AEMIB possesses both myorelaxant and antispasmodic actions in the ileum. This may justify the pharmacological basis for the popular use of Mitragyna for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 相似文献
40.
Miao-Miao Yan Chan Xu Chun-Hwan Kim Yeong-Cheol Um Amadou Apho Bah De-Ping Guo 《Scientia Horticulturae》2009,123(1):124-128
To establish an efficient protocol of shoot regeneration from callus, effects of explant type, culture media and plant growth regulators on callus induction and shoot regeneration of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense) were evaluated. The results showed that basal plate was the best explant for callus induction (47.5%) when cultured on B5 medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and B5 was the best medium to induce callus formation with 49.3% of the explants forming callus. The highest callus induction (65.2%) was achieved culturing basal plate on B5 medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D after 8 weeks of culture. The best callus proliferation was observed on B5 medium with 1.5 mg l−1 2,4-D. Shoots regenerated at the highest frequency of 58.8% with 4.5 shoots when calli were cultured on B5 medium with 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 1.0 mg l−1 a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). This protocol provides a basis for future studies on genetic improvement and could be applied to large-scale multiplication systems for commercial nurseries of Allium chinense. 相似文献