Ionizing radiation effects on soil biota: Application of lessons learned from Chernobyl accident for radioecological monitoring     

Andrei S. Zaitsev  Konstantin B. Gongalsky  Taizo Nakamori  Nobuhiro Kaneko 《Pedobiologia》2014

Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and some other neighboring countries bear the heritage of several Soviet era nuclear disasters and the resulting severe radioactive pollution of vast territories. The most famous of them is the Chernobyl catastrophe on April 26, 1986 which resulted in a massive radioisotope fallout (0.185 MBq m⁻² or higher) over about 25,000 km² of the territory of the former USSR alone. Extensive radioecological research around Chernobyl demonstrated that despite high resistance of most of soil-dwelling organisms to ionizing radiation, some soil animals were very vulnerable to radioactive pollution due to low motility, direct contact with hot particles and radioisotope accumulation in soil. These are the reasons that soil organisms are very important organisms for long-term radioecological observations. In this review, we analyze published data on the response of different soil taxa to radioisotope contamination of soil near Chernobyl and other nuclear accident locations. Field results are compared with the available experimental data. Earthworms, millipedes, collembolans and oribatid mites were recognized as the most appropriate biomonitors of different radioactivity levels and types of radioactive pollution. Synthesis of this knowledge allowed us to propose a multilevel system of soil radioecological monitoring, which may be useful for studying the short- and long-term environmental consequences of the recent catastrophe at Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant in Japan, as well as other locations vulnerable to radioactive pollution.  相似文献   

Serum ionized calcium concentration in clinically normal dairy cattle, and changes associated with calcium abnormalities   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S D Lincoln  V M Lane 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,197(11):1471-1474

Serum ionized calcium (ICa) concentration was determined in 141 clinically normal dairy cattle by use of a direct-measuring calcium ion-selective electrode instrument. Mean serum ICa concentration 2 hours after blood withdrawal was 4.59 mg/dl; range varied from 3.79 to 5.25 mg/dl. Regression analysis indicated a high degree of correlation between ICa and serum total calcium concentrations if serum stored at 23 C was analyzed within 12 hours after blood withdrawal. Abnormal ICa concentration was detected in 19 of 85 dairy cows that were affected with various pathologic conditions. All 19 cows had hypocalcemia (n = 13 with parturient hypocalcemia, 4 with hypomagnesemic tetany, and 2 with renal disease). In all cases, the ICa concentration clearly related to the clinical manifestation of disease and the functional status of the cow's calcium metabolism.  相似文献   

Hematologic effects and feeding performance in cattle fed cull domestic onions (Allium cepa).     

S D Lincoln  M E Howell  J J Combs  D D Hinman 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,200(8):1090-1094

For 119 days, 36 cattle, allotted to 6 treatment groups, were fed a balanced growth diet containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% cull onions on a dry-matter basis. Cattle performance was comparable to that associated with barley-base non-onion diet; statistical differences were not observed among treatments. During the first 28 days of the study, reduction in numbers of RBC, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV was observed in all cattle fed onions, but clinical anemia was not seen in any individual animal. After onion feeding was discontinued at 119 days, RBC numbers, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV returned to baseline values within 30 days. Heinz bodies were detected in erythrocytes of all cattle fed onions, and the percentage was proportional to the amount of onions consumed. Addictive onion consumption was prevented by mixing chopped or crushed onions in a total balanced ration.  相似文献   

The storied nature of agriculture and evaluation: A conversation   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Yvonna S. Lincoln  Laurie G. Thorp  Craig Russon 《Agriculture and Human Values》2003,20(3):267-276

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Emotions as Drivers of Wildlife Stewardship Behavior: Examining Citizen Science Nest Monitors’ Responses to Invasive House Sparrows     

Lincoln R. Larson  Caren B. Cooper  Mark E. Hauber 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2016,21(1):18-33

Growing evidence suggests wildlife stewardship behaviors might be affected by emotional dispositions toward particular species. To test this hypothesis, we studied wildlife management choices made by backyard citizen scientists (N = 448) involved in two North American bird nest monitoring projects. Our exploratory study characterized nest monitors’ efforts to manage invasive house sparrows, which compete with native songbirds for nesting sites, and examined the relative influence of cognitive and affective factors on management orientations. Results revealed that nearly all respondents engaged in some form of house sparrow management, and most respondents favored a combination of lethal and non-lethal management approaches. Core affect, emotional dispositions, and experiential variables were the primary drivers of citizen scientists’ management decisions, with anger toward house sparrows and firsthand contact with house sparrow damage as the strongest positive correlates of lethal management orientations. Findings highlight the potentially powerful influence of affect and emotions on wildlife stewardship actions.  相似文献   

Modeling population connectivity by ocean currents,a graph-theoretic approach for marine conservation     

Eric A. Treml  Patrick N. Halpin  Dean L. Urban  Lincoln F. Pratson 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(1):19-36

The dispersal of individuals among marine populations is of great importance to metapopulation dynamics, population persistence, and species expansion. Understanding this connectivity between distant populations is key to their effective conservation and management. For many marine species, population connectivity is determined largely by ocean currents transporting larvae and juveniles between distant patches of suitable habitat. Recent work has focused on the biophysics of marine larval dispersal and its importance to population dynamics, although few studies have evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of this potential dispersal. Here, we show how an Eulerian advection–diffusion approach can be used to model the dispersal of coral larvae between reefs throughout the Tropical Pacific. We illustrate how this connectivity can be analyzed using graph theory—an effective approach for exploring patterns in spatial connections, as well as for determining the importance of each site and pathway to local and regional connectivity. Results indicate that the scale (average distance) of dispersal in the Pacific is on the order of 50–150 km, consistent with recent studies in the Caribbean (Cowen, et al. 2006). Patterns in the dispersal graphs highlight pathways for larval dispersal along major ocean currents and through island chains. A series of critical island ‘stepping stones’ are discovered providing potential pathways across the equatorial currents and connecting distant island groups. Patterns in these dispersal graphs highlight possible pathways for species expansions, reveal connected upstream/downstream populations, and suggest areas that might be prioritized for marine conservation efforts.  相似文献   

Metabolic signature of spent culture media shows lipid metabolism as a determinant of pregnancy outcomes     

Gabriela de Oliveira Fernandes  Camila Bruna de Lima  Andrei Antonioni Guedes Fidelis  Marcella Pecora Milazzotto  Margot Alves Nunes Dode 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2023,58(1):117-128

In the present study, we investigated the spent culture media of in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos which did (group Pregnant) or did not (group Non-pregnant) establish pregnancy after transfer. For that purpose, IVP embryos on D5 were transferred to individual droplets for the last 48 h of culture. Embryos at the blastocyst stage were then transferred to synchronized recipients, while respective culture media drops were collected and evaluated individually. The list of metabolites present in spent culture media was obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and analysed with Metaboanalyst® to characterize the metabolic profile of each group. The spectrometric analysis showed that pathways related to lipid metabolism, particularly fatty acids degradation via beta-oxidation, were more present in the Pregnant group whereas no significant pathway was identified in the group Non-pregnant. By using this method, we were able to identify a metabolic signature in culture media that allows for a better comprehension of preferential metabolic routes taken by the most viable embryos. These findings offer great insights into the biochemistry of embryo development and reveal a potential target for the development of better-quality IVP systems, as well as tools to identify bovine embryos with greater chances to establish and maintain pregnancy.  相似文献   

Tillage effect on C stocks of a clayey Oxisol under a soybean-based crop rotation in the Brazilian Cerrado region   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Cludia P. Jantalia  Dimas V.S. Resck  Bruno J.R. Alves  Lincoln Zotarelli  Segundo Urquiaga  Robert M. Boddey 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,95(1-2):97-109

A large area (180 Mha) of central Brazil is occupied by a savanna biome known as the Cerrado. Annual rainfall in this region varies from 1200 to 2000 mm, although there is a long (5 month) dry season with almost no rain. This region is regarded by Brazilians as their agricultural frontier and there is a steady growth in the area dedicated to permanent cropping in the region, which today is estimated to occupy 14 Mha. Owing to the dearth of long-term experiments, the impact of continuous cropping on soil carbon stocks remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems (zero till (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)) on the change in soil carbon stocks over a 20-year period of the same crop sequence compared to that under a neighbouring area of native vegetation (NV). Only approximately 10 Mg ha⁻¹ of soil carbon in the 0–100 cm depth interval was lost under continuous ZT. However, under CT systems losses were greater (up to 30 Mg C ha⁻¹) when the mouldboard plough was used and/or tillage was performed twice a year. We did not have access to instrumentation to accurately assess soil charcoal but the C/N data and peroxide and dichromate oxidative techniques suggested that 40% of soil C was in this form. The ¹³C natural abundance of soil profiles indicated that residues of crops (maize) and the spontaneous annual fallow of Brachiaria spp. resulted in integration of significant C₄ residues to a depth of at least 40 cm. It would appear that zero tillage, which is already widely adopted in the Cerrado region of Brazil, will have only a small negative long-term impact on soil C stocks, but ploughing, especially more than once a year, will lead to considerably larger soil C losses.  相似文献   

Copromicroscopic and molecular assays for the detection of cancer-causing parasitic nematode Spirocerca lupi     

Traversa D  Avolio S  Modrý D  Otranto D  Iorio R  Aroch I  Cringoli G  Milillo P  Albrechtová K  Mihalca AD  Lavy E 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,157(1-2):108-116

Spirocerca lupi (Nematoda, Spirurida) is a life-threatening parasitic nematode of dogs that is presently emerging in several countries. Nonetheless, canine spirocercosis is neglected and underestimated, mainly due to diagnostic limitations inherent to clinico-pathologic, diagnostic imaging and laboratory methodologies. Given the significant benefit of improved diagnosis, the present work evaluated the reliability of a recently described copromicroscopic approach, the FLOTAC technique, as well as a PCR-based assay with that of traditional coproscopic techniques to diagnose S. lupi infection. Ninety-four faecal field samples were collected from two endemic areas (i.e. 29 and 65 from Kenya and Israel, respectively) and processed using different coproscopic examination techniques. In particular, set I (Kenyan samples) comprised the modified flotation with Sheather's sugar solution and merthiolate-iodine-formalin technique, while set II (Israeli samples) comprised a flotation technique with zinc sulphate solution, a modified sugar flotation procedure and the FLOTAC method. All samples were also subjected to a semi-nested PCR protocol specific for a region internal to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of S. lupi. The coproscopic examinations showed low sensitivity and high variability, demonstrating the unreliability of the conventional methods for detecting S. lupi eggs. Nonetheless, the FLOTAC technique scored the highest number of positives and significantly higher number of S. lupi eggs per microscopic field compared to the other coproscopic methods. Additionally, of the coproscopically negative samples, 9 (45%) Kenyan and 21 (38.2%) Israeli samples scored molecularly positive using the PCR-based approach. The potential implications and perspectives for canine spirocercosis of these coproscopic and molecular diagnostic methodologies evaluated herein are discussed.  相似文献   

Mega‐environment identification for soybean (Glycine max) breeding and production in Brazilian Midwest region     

Andrei D. Zdziarski  Leomar G. Woyann  Anderson S. Milioli  Rodrigo Zanella  Lucas V. Dallacorte  Maiara C. Panho  Giovani Benin 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(3):336-347

Mega‐environment (ME) identification is the first step for evaluating, selecting and recommending genotypes within a target region (TR). The present study aimed to (a) identify MEs, using GGE biplot methods, in Brazilian edaphoclimatic region (ECR) 402 of soybean cultivation, located in the Mato Grosso State (the TR) and (b) compare the performance of genotypes within the TR and in each ME using fixed and mixed models. Data from three years of soybean yield trials, 19 genotypes and 22 environments were used. The biplots GGE, GGL + GGE and GGS + GGE were implemented to identify the MEs. Two MEs were identified in the TR. ME1 presents a higher altitude, farms which use a higher level of fertilizer inputs and a higher occurrence of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) than ME2. When selection and recommendation are made based on MEs, genotypes with both broadly and specific adaptation can be selected. This action can improve grain yield in the entire target region.  相似文献