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41.
To the tenth leaf the influence of two planting systems on yield and fruit size of pear cultivars ‘Conference, 202’ and ‘Alexander Lucas’ grafted on the rootstocks Quince A (MA) and Quince C (MC) was investigated. The planting systems “Slender Spindle” (3.25?×?1.25 m) and “Güttinger-V-System” (3.50?×?0.60 m) were compared. The “Güttinger-V-System” led to higher yields than the planting system “Slender Spindle”. In average of both cultivars and rootstocks the difference between the planting systems amounted to 75.9 t/ha from the third to the tenth leaf. To the additional yield of the “Güttinger-V-System” face additional costs for the installation of the orchard and for the formation of crown. Thus the decision for this planting system will be influenced in a high measure from the producer price. 相似文献
42.
Industrially produced bread normally operates with a shelf life of several weeks at room temperature and indications of storage-related off-flavour development as a consequence of lipid oxidation have been suggested. The present study has tested enrichment of whole wheat bread with α-tocopherol or commercially used rosemary extracts for production of bread loaves with higher oxidative stability and hence better overall sensory quality. Bread quality was evaluated by sensory profiling, determination of antioxidative capacity, determination of lipid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products, and analysis of volatile compounds including secondary lipid oxidation products. Enrichment of bread with α-tocopherol resulted in higher degrees of rancid aroma and flavour in fresh samples, which was explained by higher levels of secondary oxidation products, whereas enrichment of bread with rosemary extracts did not have any effect. Accordingly, application of antioxidants cannot, based on the current data, be recommended for achievement of bread with improved sensory properties during storage. 相似文献
43.
Shuyu Wu Anders Dalsgaard Anette M Hammerum Lone J Porsbo Lars B Jensen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):47
Background
Sulfonamide resistance is very common in Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to characterize plasmids carrying sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3) in E. coli isolated from pigs and humans with a specific objective to assess the genetic diversity of plasmids involved in the mobility of sul genes.Methods
A total of 501 E. coli isolates from pig feces, pig carcasses and human stools were tested for their susceptibility to selected antimicrobial. Multiplex PCR was conducted to detect the presence of three sul genes among the sulfonamide-resistant E. coli isolates. Fifty-seven sulfonamide-resistant E. coli were selected based on presence of sul resistance genes and subjected to conjugation and/or transformation experiments. S1 nuclease digestion followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to visualize and determine the size of plasmids. Plasmids carrying sul genes were characterized by PCR-based replicon typing to allow a comparison of the types of sul genes, the reservoir and plasmid present.Results
A total of 109/501 isolates exhibited sulfonamide resistance. The relative prevalences of sul genes from the three reservoirs (pigs, pig carcasses and humans) were 65%, 45% and 12% for sul2, sul1, and sul3, respectively. Transfer of resistance through conjugation was observed in 42/57 isolates. Resistances to streptomycin, ampicillin and trimethoprim were co-transferred in most strains. Class 1 integrons were present in 80% of sul1-carrying plasmids and 100% of sul3-carrying plasmids, but only in 5% of sul2-carrying plasmids. The sul plasmids ranged from 33 to 160-kb in size and belonged to nine different incompatibility (Inc) groups: FII, FIB, I1, FIA, B/O, FIC, N, HI1 and X1. IncFII was the dominant type in sul2-carrying plasmids (52%), while IncI1 was the most common type in sul1 and sul3-carrying plasmids (33% and 45%, respectively). Multireplicons were found associated with all three sul genes.Conclusions
Sul genes were distributed widely in E. coli isolated from pigs and humans with sul2 being most prevalent. Sul-carrying plasmids belonged to diverse replicon types, but most of detected plasmids were conjugative enabling horizontal transfer. IncFII seems to be the dominant replicon type in sul2-carrying plasmids from all three sources. 相似文献44.
Anette Edvardsen Rune Halvorsen Ann Norderhaug Oddvar Pedersen Knut Rydgren 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(7):1071-1083
Habitat specificity analysis provides a tool for partitioning landscape species diversity on landscape elements by separating
patches with many rare specialist species from patches with the same number of species, all of which are common generalists
and thus provide information of relevance to conservation goals at regional and national levels. Our analyses were based upon
species data from 2201 patch elements in SE Norwegian modern agricultural landscapes. The context used for measuring habitat
specificity strongly influences the results. In general the gamma diversity contribution and core habitat specificity calculated
from the patch data set were correlated. High values for both measures were observed for woodland, pastures and road verges
whereas midfield islets and boundary transitional types were ranked low, as opposed to findings in traditional, extensively
managed agricultural landscapes. This is due to our study area representing intensively used agricultural landscape elements
holding a more trivial species composition, in addition to ruderals being favoured by fertility and disturbance, a finding
also being supported by the semi-natural affiliation index. Results obtained by use of checklist data from the same study
area diverged from patch data. Caution is needed in interpretation of habitat specificity results obtained from checklist
data, because modern agricultural landscapes contain several land types which are seldom surveyed by botanists, thus being
under-represented in the data set. We propose the use of core habitat specificity and gamma diversity contribution in parallel
to obtain a value neutral diversity assessment that addresses patch uniqueness and other properties of conservation interests. 相似文献
45.
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a major therapeutic challenge for small animal veterinarians over the past 10 years and continues to spread worryingly in many countries. This review focuses on the clinical aspects of MRSP infections seen in patients with skin disease and on currently available treatment options. In addition, it discusses the implications for in-contact people, other animals and the environment, because infection control strategies are likely to have a significant impact on treatment success and prevention of spread. There is currently no indication that MRSP is more virulent than meticillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius, and reported infections have mostly been treated successfully, although possibly with a longer time to resolution than infections with more susceptible S. pseudintermedius. However, in vitro testing of MRSP isolates indicates resistance to most or all antibacterial agents licensed for use in pets. Based on susceptibility results, the most useful systemic antimicrobials may include chloramphenicol, rifampicin, amikacin, clindamycin and/or minocycline. Adverse effects of some of these medications may limit their usefulness. While in vitro susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid is reported by some laboratories, use of these drugs in animals is strongly discouraged because of ethical considerations. Aggressive topical therapy has been effective as the only treatment in certain cases. Awareness, continued research and comprehensive management of infections are required by veterinary practitioners not only to help treat infected animals but also to limit the spread and prevent the establishment of this highly drug-resistant and zoonotic pathogen in veterinary facilities and in the community. 相似文献
46.
Farm slurry can be highly contaminated with viral pathogens. The survival of these pathogens within slurry is important since this material is often distributed onto farm land either directly or after heat treatment. There is clearly some risk of spreading pathogens in the early stages of an outbreak of disease before it has been recognized. The survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and swine influenza virus, which belong to three different RNA virus families plus porcine parvovirus (a DNA virus) was examined under controlled conditions. For each RNA virus, the virus survival in farm slurry under anaerobic conditions was short (generally ≤ 1 h) when heated (to 55°C) but each of these viruses could retain infectivity at cool temperatures (5°C) for many weeks. The porcine parvovirus survived considerably longer than each of the RNA viruses under all conditions tested. The implications for disease spread are discussed. 相似文献
47.
The surface exposed capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) determine its antigenicity and the ability of the virus to interact with host-cell receptors. Hence, modification of these structural proteins may alter the properties of the virus.In the present study we compared the pathogenicity of different FMDVs in young pigs. In total 32 pigs, 7-weeks-old, were exposed to virus, either by direct inoculation or through contact with inoculated pigs, using cell culture adapted (O1K B64), chimeric (O1K/A-TUR and O1K/O-UKG) or field strain (O-UKG/34/2001) viruses. The O1K B64 virus and the two chimeric viruses are identical to each other except for the capsid coding region.Animals exposed to O1K B64 did not exhibit signs of disease, while pigs exposed to each of the other viruses showed typical clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). All pigs infected with the O1K/O-UKG chimera or the field strain (O-UKG/34/2001) developed fulminant disease. Furthermore, 3 of 4 in-contact pigs exposed to the O1K/O-UKG virus died in the acute phase of infection, likely from myocardial infection. However, in the group exposed to the O1K/A-TUR chimeric virus, only 1 pig showed symptoms of disease within the time frame of the experiment (10 days). All pigs that developed clinical disease showed a high level of viral RNA in serum and infected pigs that survived the acute phase of infection developed a serotype specific antibody response. It is concluded that the capsid coding sequences are determinants of FMDV pathogenicity in pigs. 相似文献
48.
A nitrogen fertilization trial (0–60–120–180 kg N/ha annually) with the red currant cultivar ‘Rovada’ was carried out from 2000 to 2003. N-fertilization did not influence yield or quality of the berries; only the length of clusters was influenced significantly. Forty-four to 52 kg N/ha of the yearly amount of N-fertilizer were taken up by the plants. In most cases, this nitrogen uptake was luxury consumption. Yearly N-fertilization with 30 kg to 60 kg N/ha is recommended. 相似文献
49.
Vigre H Baekbo P Jorsal SE Bille-Hansen V Hassing AG Enøe C Bøtner A 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,110(1-2):17-26
The clinical syndrome Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in pigs has emerged globally during the last decade. In October 2001, the first pig herd diagnosed with PMWS was reported in Denmark, and since then the number of herds diagnosed with PMWS has increased markedly. The etiology of PMWS is not well understood, but increased knowledge of the causal factors is prerequisite for applying preventive interventions. In this study we described the temporal (time of diagnosis), spatial (location of herds) and spatio-temporal pattern of Danish pig herds diagnosed with PMWS during the first two years after the first herd was diagnosed, and we tested for spatial and spatio-temporal clustering using scan statistics. The study population consisted of pig herds that during the study period (October 2001-September 2003) performed diagnostic submissions to the two major veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Denmark (6724 herds). Of these, 277 herds were diagnosed with PMWS. Two statistically significant spatial clusters of herds diagnosed with PMWS were identified. These clusters included 11% and 8% of the study herds, respectively. Within these two clusters the relative risk for a herd to be diagnosed with PMWS was twice as high as expected. One statistically significant spatio-temporal cluster was identified between February and May 2002. We discuss different hypotheses that could explain why pig herds diagnosed with PMWS were clustered both spatially and spatio-temporally, and conclude that the results support the hypothesis that PMWS is caused by introduction of a new, unidentified, pathogen into the Danish pig production. 相似文献
50.
Wiinberg B Spohr A Dietz HH Egelund T Greiter-Wilke A McDonough SP Olsen J Priestnall S Chang YF Simpson KW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2005,19(1):4-14
The present study sought to quantitatively examine mucosal inflammatory and immune responses in dogs with gastritis and the relationship of these responses to infection with Helicobacter. Gastric biopsies from 30 dogs were evaluated for B- and T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells. Mucosal atrophy, fibrosis, cellularity, and severity of gastritis were graded qualitatively. Messenger-RNA (mRNA) for actin, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of Helicobacter spp. was determined by urease activity, histology, PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA for IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-beta, and IFN-gamma was detected in most dogs. IL-4 mRNA was detected in only 1 dog. Correlations were observed for IL-1beta versus IL-8 and IL-10; IL-8 versus IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta; and IL-10 versus IFN-y. Mucosal pathology was related to cytokine mRNA expression (neutrophils to IL-8 and IFN-gamma, macrophages and lymphocytes to IFN-gamma, and fibrosis to IL-1beta). Gastritis was categorized as lymphoplasmacytic in all dogs, and its histologic severity correlated with atrophy, infiltration with lymphocytes and macrophages, and expression of IL-10 and IFN-gamma. Of the dogs examined, 76.7% were infected with Helicobacter spp. Infection was associated with increased expression of TGF-beta and fibrosis. Circulating anti-Helicobacter immunoglobulin G titers were higher in uninfected than infected dogs. We conclude that lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in dogs is characterized by concurrent activation of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, with increased mRNA expression related to mucosal pathology. No significant associations between Helicobacter infection and proinflammatory cytokine expression, severity of gastritis, or differences in the pathogenicity of different Helicobacter spp. were found. 相似文献