Listeric Infections in Humans and Animals in the Indian Subcontinent: A Review     

Malik SV  Barbuddhe SB  Chaudhari SP 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(5):359-381

Listeriosis is an important bacterial zoonosis caused by the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The disease has been reported in animals from the Indian subcontinent, usually in the form of sporadic cases but occasionally as outbreaks. Cases of listeriosis arise mainly from the ingestion of contaminated food. Listeriosis has been reported to cause encephalitis, abortion, mastitis, repeat breeding and endometriosis in animals. Listeric infections occur in children and women with a poor obstetric history. The epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of listeriosis in animals and humans are not yet fully understood. This review offers comprehensive information on experimental studies and field cases in animals and on cases of human listeriosis. There are also sections on isolation from foods, diagnosis and treatment in humans and animals.  相似文献   

Relationship between endometritis and oxidative stress in the follicular fluid and luteal function in the buffalo          下载免费PDF全文

BK Behera  CG Sharma  SK Singh  H Kumar  RK Chaudhari  AS Mahla  GK Das  N Krishnaswamy 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(5):844-847

In this study, alteration in the follicular fluid composition and luteal function was investigated in the buffalo with endometritis. Genitalia were classified into cytological and purulent endometritis on the basis of polymorphonuclear cell cut off while non‐endometritis served as control (n = 10/group). In the follicular phase, the number of surface follicles was counted, diameter of the largest follicle was measured and the follicular fluid was assayed for total protein, cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oestradiol (E₂) and progesterone (P₄). The P₄ content of corpus luteum during mid‐luteal phase was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Ovaries from the follicular phase of oestrous cycle showed no significant difference in the total number of surface follicles, size of the largest follicle and volume of follicular fluid in the buffaloes with and without endometritis (p > .05). However, the antral fluid of the largest follicle from the genitalia of buffalo with cytological and purulent endometritis showed a significant decrease in the concentration of total protein, cholesterol, TAC and E₂ and a significant increase in the concentration of MDA and P₄ (p < .05). The results indicated that there is an association between endometritis and decreased ovarian function.  相似文献   

Combined application of chitinolytic bacterium Paenibacillus sp. D1 with low doses of chemical pesticides for better control of Helicoverpa armigera     

Anil Kumar Singh  Aparna Singh  Preetam Joshi 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(3):222-227

Helicoverpa armigera is a serious pest of Cajanus cajan in many parts of world. Rapid development of resistance against number of insecticides and cry toxin-based biocontrol agents has led to search for biocontrol agents with alternative mode of action. The ability of chitinolytic bacteria to degrade vital chitinous structure in insects suggests their potential in insect control. The present investigation was carried out to study insect control potential of a high chitinase producing bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. D1. Biocontrol studies with Helicoverpa larvae showed Paenibacillus sp. D1 and its chitinase to be potent antifeedant that reduced the feeding rate and body weight of the larvae. The decreased body weight was attributed to hydrolysis of the chitinous structures of the larvae. This was evident from decrease in the total chitin content and increased mortality of the larvae fed on the leaves treated with Paenibacillus sp. D1 and chitinase as compared to untreated controls. A combined dose of Paenibacillus sp. D1 or its chitinase with an organophosphate insecticide, acephate, was found to be more lethal than their individual treatments suggesting integrated insect control potential of the bacterium.  相似文献   

Physiology, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of lon and/or cpxR deleted mutants of Salmonella Gallinarum as vaccine candidates for fowl typhoid     

Kiku Matsuda  Atul A. Chaudhari  Sam Woong Kim  Kyeong Min Lee    John Hwa Lee 《Veterinary research》2010,41(5)

To construct a novel live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid (FT) caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), the lon and cpxR genes that are related to host-pathogen interaction were deleted from a wild type SG using the allelic exchange method. The mutants were grown normally, as was the wild type. The biochemical properties of the mutants remained very similar to those of the wild-type, while JOL914 (Δlon) and JOL916 (ΔlonΔcpxR) were mucoid. Extracellular polysaccharide increased 30.6-, 1.3-, and 46.2-fold in JOL914, JOL915 (ΔcpxR), and JOL916, respectively. Dot-blot analysis demonstrated significant increases of FimA expression at 6.77-, 2.33-, and 3.90-fold for JOL914, JOL915, and JOL916, respectively. Internalizations of JOL914, JOL915, and JOL916, in chicken abdominal macrophages, were increased at 4.65-, 0.50-, and 2.72-fold, respectively. Virulences of JOL914, JOL915 and JOL916, analyzed by LD₅₀ using 1-week-old chickens, were attenuated approximately at 10¹-, 10¹-, and > 10³-fold, respectively. The oral inoculations of 2 × 10⁷ cfu of the wild type, JOL914, JOL915 and JOL916 caused 55.6, 16.7, 22.2, and 0.0% mortality, respectively. Significantly moderate gross lesions of the liver and spleen were observed in the JOL916 group compared to the other groups. An induced immune response and significant peripheral mononuclear proliferation reaction were observed in the JOL916 group. At the protection against the wild type challenge, JOL916 offered 100% protection. Thus, the results of this study suggest that JOL916 among the mutants studied represented the safest and most effective live vaccine candidate against FT.  相似文献   

Effect of contrasting tillage and cropping systems on soil aggregation,carbon pools and aggregate‐associated carbon in rainfed Vertisols          下载免费PDF全文

J. Somasundaram  R. S. Chaudhary  D. Awanish Kumar  A. K. Biswas  N. K. Sinha  M. Mohanty  K. M. Hati  P. Jha  M. Sankar  A. K. Patra  R. Dalal  S. K. Chaudhari 《European Journal of Soil Science》2018,69(5):879-891

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Development of high yielding IR64 × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> (Griff.) introgression lines and identification of introgressed alien chromosome segments using SSR markers     

Kuljit Kaur Cheema  Navtej S. Bains  Gurjit S. Mangat  Aparna Das  Yogesh Vikal  Darshan S. Brar  Gurdev S. Khush  Kuldeep Singh 《Euphytica》2008,160(3):401-409

Modern rice varieties that ushered in the green revolution brought about dramatic increase in rice production worldwide but at the cost of genetic diversity at the farmers’ fields. The wild species germplasm can be used for broadening the genetic base and improving productivity. Mining of alleles at productivity QTL from related wild species under simultaneous backcrossing and evaluation, accompanied by molecular marker analysis has emerged as an effective plant breeding strategy for utilization of wild species germplasm. In the present study, a limited backcross strategy was used to introgress QTL associated with yield and yield components from Oryza rufipogon (acc. IRGC 105491) to cultivated rice, O. sativa cv IR64. A set of 12 BC₂F₆ progenies, selected from among more than 100 BC₂F₅ progenies were evaluated for yield and yield components. For plant height, days to 50% flowering and tillers/plant, the introgression lines did not show any significant change compared to the recurrent parent IR64. For yield, 9 of the 12 introgression lines showed significantly higher yield (19–38%) than the recurrent parent IR64. Four of these lines originating from a common lineage showed higher yield due to increase in grain weight and another three also from a common lineage showed yield increase due to increase in grain number per panicle. For analyzing the introgression at molecular level all the 12 lines were analyzed for 259 polymorphic SSR markers. Of the total 259 SSR markers analyzed, only 18 (7.0%) showed introgression from O. rufipogon for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 11. Graphical genotypes have been prepared for each line and association between the introgression regions and the traits that increased yield is reported. Based on marker trait association it appears that some of the QTL are stable across the environments and genetic backgrounds and can be exploited universally.  相似文献   

Effect of water quality on exchange phase — solution phase behavior of three soils     

Suresh K. Chaudhari  Ramrao B. Somawanshi 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(2):229-234

The effect of total electrolyte concentration (TEC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of water on ESR‐SAR relationships of clay (Typic Haplustert), clay loam (Vertic Haplustept) and silt loam (Lithic Haplorthent) soils was studied in a laboratory experiment. Twenty four solutions, encompassing four TEC levels viz., 5, 10, 20, and 50 mmol_c l^—1 and six SAR levels viz., 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mmol^1/2l^—1/2 were synthesized to equilibrate the soil samples using pure chloride salts of calcium, magnesium, and sodium at Mg:Ca = 1:2. SAR of equilibrium solution decreased as compared to the equilibrating solution and more so in waters of low salt concentration and high SAR. At low electrolyte concentration, high SAR values were not attained in the equilibrium solution because of addition of calcium and magnesium from the mineral dissolution and from the exchange phase. Irrespective of TEC, exchangeable sodium in all the soils increased by about 4.5 to 5‐fold and irrespective of SAR, it increased by about 1.4‐ to 1.8‐fold. A positive interaction of TEC and SAR influenced the ESP build‐up and CEC played a major role in the visual disparity in sodication of these soils. At higher TEC levels, considerable increase in ESP was observed when it was corrected for anion exclusion and more so in silt loam followed by clay loam and clay soils. The values for Gapons' constant were in the range 0.0110—0.0176, 0.0142—0.0246, and 0.0189—0.0344 mmol^—1/2l^1/2 in clay, clay loam, and silt loam soils, respectively. Increase in TEC from 5 to 50 mmol_c l^—1 resulted in 5.84, 8.33, and 9.77 % decrease in Gapons' constant of clay, clay loam, and silt loam soils, respectively. The soils exhibited differential affinity for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ or Na⁺ under different quality waters. Regression coefficients of ESR‐SAR relationship were lower for low TEC as compared with high TEC waters. The exchange equilibrium was strongly affected by TEC of the solution phase. Variation in soil pH was gradual with respect to TEC and SAR of equilibrating solution and no sharp change was observed. Soluble salt concentration was doubled upon equilibration with low salt waters at all SAR levels in all the soils. However, the salt concentration remained unchanged upon equilibration with high salt waters. Considering pH 8.5 a boundary between soil salinity and sodicity, ESP values attained at TEC 5 mmol_c l^—1 were 7.34, 8.02, and 14.32 for clay, clay loam, and silt loam soils, respectively.  相似文献   

Suitability of a hydraulic‐conductivity model for predicting salt effects on swelling soils     

Suresh K. Chaudhari  Ravender Singh  Ashwani Kumar 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(3):360-367

Many empirical approaches have been developed to analyze changes in hydraulic conductivity due to concentration and composition of equilibrium solution. However, in swelling soils these approaches fail to perform satisfactorily, mainly due to the complex nature of clay minerals and soil–water interactions. The present study describes the changes in hydraulic conductivity of clay (Typic Haplustert) and clay‐loam (Vertic Haplustept) soils with change in electrolyte concentration (TEC) and sodium‐adsorption ratio (SAR) of equilibrium solution and assesses the suitability of a model developed by Russo and Bresler (1977) to describe the effects of mixed Na‐Ca‐Mg solutions on hydraulic conductivity. Four solutions encompassing two TEC levels viz., 5 and 50 mmol_c L^–1 and two SAR levels viz., 2.5 and 30 mmol^1/2 L^–1/2 were synthesized to equilibrate the soil samples using pure chloride salts of Ca, Mg, and Na at Ca : Mg = 2:1. Diluting 50 mmol_c L^–1 solution to 5 mmol_c L^–1 reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity of both soils by 66%, and increasing SAR from 2.5 to 30 mmol^1/2 L^–1/2 decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity by 82% and 79% in clay and clay‐loam soils, respectively. Near saturation, the magnitude of the change in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity due to the change in TEC and SAR was of 10³‐ and 10²‐fold, and at volumetric water content of 0.20 cm³ cm^–3, it was of 10¹⁴‐ and 10⁶‐fold in clay and clay‐loam soils, respectively. Differences between experimental and predicted values of saturated hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.6% and 11% in clay and between 0.06% and 2.1% in clay‐loam soils. Difference between experimental and predicted values of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity widened with drying in both soils. Predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values of hydraulic conductivity in clay and clay‐loam soils with R² values of 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. The model can be satisfactorily used to describe salt effects on hydraulic conductivity of swelling soils in arid and semiarid areas, where groundwater quality is poor.  相似文献   

Estimation of Variability of Five Enzyme Systems Among Wild and Cultivated Species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium</Emphasis>     

D.?R.?MalaviyaEmail author  B.?Kumar  A.?K.?Roy  P.?Kaushal  Aparna?Tiwari 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2005,52(7):967-976

The genus Trifolium comprises of 290 annual and perennial species of which the species such as T. repens, T. hybridum, T. pratense, T. ambiguum, T. resupinatum, T. alexandrinum are economically important. Boundaries between species in many cases have been difficult to define because of wide range of diversity caused by primary polymorphism. Hence, inter- and intraspecies variation in Trifolium, for zymogram pattern of five enzyme system was made to work out estimate of variability for isozymic banding pattern and get an insight into the species relationship. A total of 25 species represented by 134 accessions were compared for 5 enzymes viz. peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase, and glutamate oxalo acetate transaminase using starch gel electrophoresis. Forty-six types of zymograms for Est isozyme pattern were observed amounting to 4.38 estimate of variability. The estimates of variability revealed maximum variation in T. resupinatum (4.24) followed with 3.02 in T. nigrescens. Estimate of variability for superoxide dismutase ranged from 0.46 to 2.67 among species amounting to 1.08 total variability across species. A total of 28 types of glutamate oxalo acetate transaminase zymograms were observed accounting for 2.48 estimate of variability. All but one band attributed to an estimate of variability of 1.43 in the genus for ACP and 16 different types of ACP zymograms were noticed. Highest variation for ACP was observed in T. resupinatum (4.53). Estimate of variation for peroxidase was 4.83 and 51 types of zymogram were observed. The species differed markedly for zymograms. The species distributed both in temperate and tropical parts like T. resupinatum had more variability as compared to cultivated species like T. alexandrinum and T. pratense. The rich variability present among these species can provide good source of gene transfer from wild to cultivated species which otherwise have no specific zymogram and exhibit low variability. The species sharing zymogram pattern for one or more enzymes with cultivated species were considered to have affinity and can further be utilized in attempting interspecific hybridization.  相似文献   

Safety evaluation and immunogenicity of arabinose-based conditional lethal Salmonella Gallinarum mutant unable to survive ex vivo as a vaccine candidate for protection against fowl typhoid     

Chaudhari AA  Kim SW  Matsuda K  Lee JH 《Avian diseases》2011,55(2):165-171

In seeking to develop a safe fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine, a novel candidate lacking cpxR, lon, and asd Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) genes was constructed with the plasmid-containing araC::P(araBAD)::asd system. A balanced-lethal host-vector system based on the essential bacterial gene for aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) was used to construct the SG mutant strain. A plasmid (p15A ori) with an araC::P(araBAD)::asd cassette was introduced into an auxotrophic mutant to prevent ex vivo survival. The safety, immunity, and protective properties of the SG mutant were evaluated. Inoculation of the mutant at 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) did not result in recovery in feces and internal organs, whereas inoculation at 10(8) and 10(10) CFU resulted in moderate bacterial recovery from feces and organs. Birds immunized with the mutant were challenged with a virulent SG strain at day 14 postimmunization; significantly reduced mortality and induced plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G and mucosal IgA responses were noted. Cellular immune responses as evaluated by a peripheral lymphocyte proliferation assay were also significantly induced. The balanced-lethal host-vector system for construction of SG mutants is an effective and improved approach for safe vaccine construction against FT.  相似文献